我國土地登記簿資料公示及其法律問題分析－－兼論德國土地登記簿條例第12條與第126條

Legal Institution Analysis on the Publicity Force of Land Registration Book in Taiwan

我國土地登記規則第24條賦予合於一定要件之權利人得享有「查閱權」、抄寫、以及複印或攝影登記申請書及其附件之權利，此可謂為查閱權「權利主體」之規範，而同規則第24條之1則進一步將土地資料予以類型化為三大類，並各自賦予其得申請（查閱）之權利人，意即將「申請權」予以類型化，前揭兩條文均旨在提升土地登記簿所載相關資料之「揭露（公示）度」。然而，土地登記主管機關於提升土地登記簿登載資料（訊）之透明（揭露）度（公益）之際，會否侵及其登記名義人之個人資料保護法益（私利），誠屬重要問題，蓋提升土地登記簿之公示（揭露）力與個人資料之保護，兩者似具有某種矛盾之「緊張關係」，則登記主管機關應如何予以調和（緩解）？申言之，土地登記簿名義人以外第三人所享登記資料之「查閱權」，其界限為何？此乃為本文之問題意識。經由分析以及綜整之後，本文認為現行土地登記規則第24條之1第1項第2款所訂「二類謄本」之登載內容有牴觸個人資料保護之法益，是宜限縮於「標示部」（土地之客觀情狀、例如面積、坐落、使用別以及交易實價等），而不得觸及權利部（包括所有權部以及他項權利部）。再者，具有「正當利益」者則得進一步申請查閱土地登記簿上「權利部」之登載事項，但登記機關必須於謹守行政法上「比例原則」與「目的拘束原則」之意旨，據以決定申請人之查閱範圍與對象，庶幾保護登記名義人之個人資料隱私權。此外，本文亦建議登記機關須課予資料查閱申請人「說明義務」、建構查閱資料判斷機制、以及善用既有法定規範機制（例如由地政士代理查閱制度）等措施。最後，於資訊科技網路快速發展之情況下，電子介質登記簿之建置，已不可免、且為趨勢所需，是以如何防止於登記資料傳輸轉換過程中，遭受不法侵犯而損及個人資料之法益，亦屬重要者。於是，本文亦呼籲中央主管機關宜仿效德國土地登記簿條例第126條第3項「附件」所定十項原則之規範意旨，儘早於「不動產登記法（草案）」中明定相關保護個人資料相關原則，以利登記機關於實務上能有遵循之依據。 People have right of inspect, copy and take photograph when they are consonant with the article 24 of Regulations of the Land Registration to important condition. The Article 24-1 of Regulations of the Land Registration separate three type from land information and give right to man who be consonant with important condition. In other words, it types “the right to apply”. The purpose of two articles promotes publicity to land register. However, it probably means that Infringement of privacy. It's important issue definitely, because it has a conflict relationship between publicity and privacy. How should the land registration authority be reconciled? That is to say, what the limit of inspection right of person whose name is not registered in the register? It is problem consciousness to this article. This article thinks the article 24-1 of type 2 of Regulations of the Land Registration that Infringement the legal interest of Personal Information Protection Act. It should limit range of ownership and other rights of sheets of registers which should not be applied by everyone. The person who has the “Legitimate interests” can inspect matter be registered on ownership and other rights of sheets of registers. But it should under the premise that the land registration authority comply with the principle of purpose-specification and proportionality, deciding range of inspection and object. So, this article advises the land registration authority should require of obligation to disclose to applicant, construct system of judging data access and make good use of current law (for example, land administration agents agency of data access) .Finally, using Electronic register is unstoppable on the pursuit of science and technology development of society. This article advises that should prevent from Infringement of legal interest of personal information in the process of data transmission. Therefore, how should we learn the ten principles from appendix of the article 126 section 3 of Grundbuchordung to improve legal institution of real estate registration. It should have importance and urgency.