債務不履行損害賠償歸責事由之修正模式－以日本債權法為例

Amendment mode of imputability for damages of nonperformance of obligation–A case study of law of obligations reform in Japan

自1980年聯合國國際商品買賣公約開始，歐洲陸續興起契約法現代化之熱潮，不僅出現如國際商事契約通則、歐洲契約法原則等國際契約法整合文件，內國民法亦不乏有跟進修法者，如德國於2002年所進行之債法修正即為適例，面對此一契約法整合風潮，亞洲各國亦難置身於外，我國法務部亦已於2017年開啟財產法之修法討論會議。然若要進行修法，究應如何平衡國際化與本土法律文化即成為重要問題，而在此一問題上，日本於2006年開始進行之債權法修法過程，當可作為我國修法時之借鏡。本文有鑑於此，將以日本債權法修法，對於債務不履行損害賠償之修正過程為例，討論日本在修法過程中各家學說及實務見解之論爭，並利用比較法觀點重新檢視契約法國際化之優缺點。而在不同利益的相互權衡下，要如何使接軌國際的目標與內國法律文化相融合，並非易事，故應思考接軌國際之方式並非僅有修正民法之途徑，以準據法或特別契約法之方式或不失為可行之道。

United Nation Convention provided Contract for the international Sale of Goods(CISG) in 1980. Since then, european countries were enthusiastic about proposing amendments to modernize contract law, for example, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in 1994 and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) in 1995, stood as two cornerstones in the efforts to modernize and harmonize international contract law. Following the reforming trend, on 1 January 2002, the so-called Act on the Modernization of the Law of Obligations came into force in Germany. The evoking heat of harmonizing and uniforming the contract law swept across Asia, Japan amended Obligations of the Civil Code recently and Ministry of Justice in 2017 initiates the amendment conference for Obligations of the Civil Code, seeking the specialist and public consultation as well. In Japan’s amendment process, it is unavoidable to deal with the conflict between the globalization culture and the local identity; ther efore, there are volume of discussion about the globalization and local culture of law. Those amendment debates in Japan are great lessons to learn, thus the essay reviews the advantages and disadvantages of globalization of contract law in the view of comparative law, and points out globalization is not the only way to comply with international contract law and regulations, there are other ways to achieve the same goal, such as conflict of laws or jus singular of contract.