南投縣慚愧祖師信仰的形成

慚愧祖師信仰起源於閩粵交界地帶，祖師為唐代高僧潘了拳，祖籍為福建省汀州，得道於廣東省陰那山靈光寺，屬於佛教得道高僧轉為民間信仰俗神的性質。根據李豐楙說法，在移民開墾聚落過程中，居民會透過地緣因素、血緣因素結合群體，產生不同需求的建廟原因。因此各地廟宇所供奉的神明會因為當地的自然、人文環境需求而不同。如沿海地帶因逐疫需求產生的「王爺信仰」、因職業需求產生的「巧聖仙師」信仰、農業社會祈求豐收的「神農大帝」信仰、懷鄉情結信仰等。臺灣為移民社會，當時進入臺灣的移民以來自福建漳州、泉州與廣東的潮州、嘉應州人士居多。臺灣特殊的歷史環境，相對影響了庶民的信仰文化。因應臺灣移民社會的不同現象與拓墾經驗，特別表現於對某些神祗的信仰。慚愧祖師原是唐代的佛教得道高僧，和定光古佛、清水祖師、三坪祖師一樣，都是在歷史發展過程中，因應不同社會背景、不同時代需求而產生不同的新形象與新的意義，歷經從人得道到成神的改變。黃素真以吳季霏研究定光古佛、清水祖師、三坪祖師的觀點，指出宋元以前的福建高僧轉化成民間信仰俗神的原因乃在於唐、宋、元時期福建當地造神運動興盛的原因，使得許多高僧因為對社會提供了非常多的服務，而成為具有法力與靈異功能的僧尼，在生前即受到當地民眾的愛戴，圓寂後就轉化成了法力無邊的民間信仰俗神，上述定光古佛、清水祖師、三坪祖師、慚愧祖師都有祈雨、伏虎、避妖驅邪等類似的功能。林衡道先生為這樣的現象，提出了「通俗佛教」和「佛神道教化」的觀念。王見川在《從僧侶到神明──定光古佛、法主公、普庵之研究》一書中，也以定光古佛、法主公、普庵為例子，說明高僧從人成神的歷程。信仰對漢人社會的建立具有精神慰藉的作用，南投縣屬多山的地理形勢，漢人入墾時，勢必會和當地原有住民產生文化上與經濟上的各種衝突，具有防蕃功能的信仰更是人民內心不可或缺的需求。慚愧祖師信仰就是因應南投縣拓墾上的防蕃需求而產生，以「防蕃」功能著稱。此信仰在大陸原鄉屬於地域性非常強烈的區域守護神，因此轉移到臺灣也明顯的侷限在中部，為閩粵族群共祀。目前臺灣對慚愧祖師信仰多認為是客家人的守護神，不過信仰進入南投縣以後，輾轉演化至今，南投縣內的客家族群多已呈現「福佬客」現象，因此祭祀文化也多已福佬化。祖師信仰文化雖然移植了原鄉模式，卻已在南投縣融合成另一種在地的本土文化，雖然不像清水祖師信仰那麼普遍，卻因為南投縣地理位置關係與風土民情的影響，成為獨樹一格的地方特色信仰。本文主旨就是要探討慚愧祖師信仰在南投縣形成的原因，從南投縣的拓墾背景談起，論述南投縣聚落建構與村廟建立歷程，以及此信仰與南投縣聚落建立的關係。關鍵詞：慚愧祖師信仰，防蕃功能，聚落建構，陰那山。 The Tsankuei Tsushih Worship faith originates in Fujian province and hands over boundary district and have already had a research and fooled currently it be got to province state region in Fukien but Be achieved wisdom to province in Guangdong that mountain working temple of Tang Dynasty monk of high renown Pan boxing, belong to Buddhism and achieve wisdom monk of high renown and turn into folks and believe in the property of the vulgar God.Li Feng-mao, in accordance with that settlement land in the immigration process, the residents will, through the geopolitical factors, blood factors groups, have different reasons for the demand of the temple was built. So around the temples dedicated to the gods because of the local natural and cultural environment and different needs. Coastal areas such as disease due to demand by the 'Royal Highness faith,' the occupational demand, 'Cheau-Sheng in Tungshin ' faith, pray for good harvest of agricultural society, 'Shennong Great' faith, belief, etc. nostalgic feeling. Taiwan as a society of immigrants, then immigrants to Taiwan from Fujian Province, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangdong Chaozhou, Jiaying states most people. Taiwan's unique historical environment, the relative impact of the religious culture of the common people. Taiwanese immigrants in response to different social phenomena and the pioneer experience, in particular in the gods of some faith. Was ashamed of having attained the Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk, and Buddha, founder of water, three Ping founder, are in the process of historical development, from different social backgrounds, different ages have different needs and a new image with the new significance of human enlightenment has to change as God. Flavin really study by Wu Ting-Fei JiBuddha, founder of water, three views of Ping founder, pointed out that the former Fujian Song and Yuan monk into popular folk belief is that God's reason is that the Tang, Song and Yuan period apotheosis Fujian thriving local causes, making Many monks because many community services, and to be a supernatural power and function of Buddhist monks and nuns, in his lifetime that is loved by local people, after death is transformed into the boundless power of God popular folk belief, the above-mentioned DING GUANG Buddha set, Ancestors of water, three Ping founder, are ashamed of having rain, Fu-hu, to avoid evil demon and similar functions. Mr. Lin Hengdao for such a phenomenon, the 'popular Buddhism' and 'Shinto Buddhist teaching' concept. Chuan Wang, see the 'from monks to the gods - will be DING GUANG Buddha, Fa ZHU GONG Gods, Platts Study Om', a book, but also to set DING GUANG Buddha, Fa ZHU GONG Gods, S & P Um, for example, that monks from the people of God into history. Beliefs of the Chinese community to establish the role of spiritual consolation, mountainous Nantou geographic situation, when the Han Chinese into the cultivation, it is bound to be the original inhabitants and the local culture and the economy arising from various conflicts, anti-fan with a belief function is essential to the needs of the people's hearts. The Tsankuei Tsushih Worship faith in Nantou County response to anti-pioneer Fan on demand so as to 'anti-fan' features well-known. This belief in the mainland belong to the original regional rural regional patron saint of a very strong, so transferred to the obvious limitations of Taiwan in the central, Guangdong and ethnic groups for a total of worship. At present, Taiwan and more ashamed of having faith is considered the patron saint of Hakka, but belief in Nantou County into the future, evolution has been around, Nantou County and more of the Hakka ethnic group has been a 'Hoklo off' phenomenon, so many sacrifices have been Hoklo culture of . Alth