農地三權分置之下土地所有權的法律表達

The Legal Expression of Rural Land Ownership under the View of 'Three-Right Separation' of Rural Land

“三權分置”的政策目標不是否定土地承包經營權這項法定權利，而是基於“三權”的區分，明晰不同農村土地制度的功能劃分。將農村土地所有權限定在集體內並限制轉讓，旨在防止土地非農化、非糧化及過度集中，也為基層組織提供了有效運行的治理保障，還能穩妥實現國家與社會的經濟發展需求。集體所有權以保護客體而非賦予主體自由意志、以固定主體而非流轉客體為制度目標，憲法和民法規定的集體土地所有權均為能對抗國家公權力的物權歸屬形式。集體土地所有權在憲法上表現為一種制度保障性的所有權，在民法上仍可借鑒傳統所有權權能理論，來構建佔有、使用、收益和特定條件下的處分權能。

The 'Three-Right Separation' policy is designed to clarify the functional division between the different rural land systems, rather than to deny the 'contracting right of land management'. In order to prevent the rural land non-agriculture, non-food and excessive concentration, binding the rural land ownership within the collective and restriction on transfer could provide effective means of governance for grassroots organizations, realizing the economic development of the state and society. The system of collective ownership is aimed to protect the object rather than to the subject's free will. The collective land proprietary right both in the constitution law and civil law is a form of ownership against the state power. The collective land proprietary right in constitution law is a right with institutional guarantee. The powers of collective land proprietary right in civil law include possession, use, usufruct and disposition in a given context by reference to the theory of traditional ownership power.