客家對句理諺認知譬喻研究：以實體譬喻為例

Metaphors in Hakka Philosophical Proverbs: Taking Ontological Metaphors as an Example

「客家諺語」是客家語言的精華，同時也是族群經驗與智慧的寶庫，其中反映思維智慧、充滿哲理的「理諺」往往藉由具體事物隱喻抽象道理。本文以兩句並列、上下對句且具哲理意涵的「理諺」為語料，探究其間如何藉由具象事物譬喻抽象道理，如何使深奧哲理變得淺顯易懂。一般探討客家諺語多止於解釋全句意思及文化面向，較少探討其中道理生成過程，本文運用Lakoff and Johnson（1980、2006）「概念隱喻理論」及Fauconnier（1984）的「概念融合理論」，依譬喻喻體來源對客家諺語中的實體隱喻進行分類與探討，分析包括：「人物喻」、「動物喻」、「植物喻」及「食物喻」等類型的實體隱喻表現，由此探討客家理諺中哲理生成的過程以及其中所反映的特色文化。

Hakka proverbs are the essence of Hakka and are a treasure of experienceand wisdom. Proverbs reflecting wisdom are called “philosophicalproverbs,” which extract the abstract truth from specific things through metaphors.This study selected philosophical proverbs comprising two sentencesand explored the relationship between specific things and the metaphoricalabstract truth, rendering the profound philosophy easy to understand. Discussionsabout Hakka proverbs are generally limited to the semantic level;few linguists have discussed the process of how truth is generated and whatcharacteristics of Hakka proverbs are formed through metaphors. This studyused the cognitive metaphor theory developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980)to classify the ontological metaphors in Hakka proverbs into “people metaphors,”“animal metaphors,” “plant metaphors,” and “food metaphors.” Thetruth generation process and the distinctive culture that the proverbs reflectare examined.