間諜行為法制規範之現代意義探討（上）

A Probe into the Contemporary Significance of Legal Norms of Espionage Behavior

間諜行為對於敵對國而言，是十惡不赦的犯罪行為，相對地其對派遣國而云，卻是至高無上的愛國行為。因此，間諜行為的法制規範，始終隱藏著此種對立與矛盾的法理。又間諜行為的主體、客體與態樣，在軍事間諜、政治間諜、經濟間諜乃至奧林匹克運動間諜各種領域上的法制規範問題乃是十分錯綜複雜。現行世界各國對於間諜行為的法制規範有採狹義的立法，亦有採廣義的立法。諸如：日本於第二次世界大戰前採廣義國防保安法，戰後亦曾經努力制定狹義間諜防止法，卻未竟其功，迄至2013年12月又走向制定廣義特定秘密保護法。我國亦與日本相似採廣義妨害軍機治罪條例法制，惟前項法律於2004年廢止，取而代之的是國家機密保護法，嚴格來說國家機密保護法只能稱上國家機密分類法，其對於嚇阻防範間諜犯罪行為的功能乃是微薄有限。復因間諜行為隨著科技的發達，其在法制規範上更趨困難。本文旨在藉由探討間諜行為法制規範的現代意義，希望能喚醒國人重視日益複雜的間諜犯罪問題，並提供或激發新的思維以及思考方式，作為立法政策上檢討修正、補強現行法制的缺漏或另行制定狹義間諜取締法制之參考。

Espionage behavior for hostile countries is a heinous crime, in contrast to its sending countries, it is a supreme patriotic behavior. Therefore, the legal norms of espionage behavior always hold such a law of opposites and contradictions. For the subject, object and state of espionage behavior, which are on military spy, political spy, economic spy, and even the Olympic Games spy, the issue of legal norms in various fields is very complicated. All countries in the world now have narrowly adopted legislation on the legal norms concerning espionage behavior, and there is also generalized legislation. For instance, Japan adopted the General National Defense Security Law before the Second World War. Japan also worked hard to develop a narrow espionage prevention law after the war, but it did not accomplish the goal. Till December, 2013, it was moving toward the development of a generalized case of the Act on Protection of Specially Designated Secrets again. Our country, which is similar to Japan, has adopted generalized Against Military Secret Act legal system; however, the preceding law was repealed in 2004, and was replaced by the Act on Protection of State Secrets. Strictly speaking, the Act on Protection of State Secrets can only be called taxonomy of state secrets. It is modest and limited for deterring espionage crimes. Because of espionage behavior with the development of science and technology, it is more difficult in the legal norms. This article aims to explore the contemporary significance of legal norms of espionage behavior. Hope to arouse people's attention to the increasingly complicated problems of espionage crimes, and provide or inspire new ideas as well as new way of thinking, as a reference for legislative policy to review, amend, and reinforce the omission of current legal system, or to formulate a narrow legal system to ban espionage behavior.