清末邊臣奕山及其邊務初探

The Official of Frontier Defenses in Late Qing Dynasty and the First Exploration with Deeds of I-Shan

清朝末年，一個內憂外患頻仍的時代，一個古老的傳統封建體制面臨了亙古未見的變局。這個變動反映在邊防上，是一連串的邊釁、戰爭與隨之而來的條約，宣告中國正從朝貢體制走入條約體制。塞防以及後來逐漸重視的海防，都暴露出清朝的弱點，西方列強則在中國取得各種利益，或通商、或賠款、或割地、或部分主權。在這個動蕩的時代，有一名滿清宗室，足跡踏遍中國西北、東北塞防要地，以及東南海防重鎮，同時也簽訂了數個影響中國未來命運的重要條約─「廣州和約」、「伊犂塔爾巴哈臺通商章程」、「愛琿條約」，他就是奕山。奕山在清末風起雲湧的改革浪潮中，並沒有重大貢獻，相對地，他代表著舊體制底下安份任官的官僚。但也因為他在海陸邊疆的許多作為，對清末政局有一定程度的影響，若論清末邊防，奕山是值得探討的一位人物。本文先簡述奕山一生經歷，再以其在廣州、新疆、黑龍江三地辦理之邊務，探討奕山在清末中國邊防中的定位。

It was a period with internal revolts and foreign invasions inlate Qing dynasty, an antique tradition feudalism faced the situationhadn’t ever experienced. It reflected on frontier defenses with asuccession of disturbances, wars, and treaties. To announce thatChine was going from tributary system to treaty system.Not only the inland frontier defenses, but also the coastdefenses whitch gradually be paid much attention, revealed theweaknesses of Qing dynasty. The big powers from west took byforce with various benefits, such as traded, paid reparations, cededterritory, and lost a part of sovereign rights. In the changeful times,there was a member of the Imperial Clan who went the militarydistricts of frontier defenses at northwest and northeast China. Atthe same time, he signed treaties which influenced China’s destinywere called “Truce of Guangzhou”, “Treaty of Kuldja”, and “Treatyof Aigun”. He was I-Shan. I-Shan didn’t have great achievements with the improvements in late Qing dynasty. Relatively, he in theperson of a bureaucrat who took office in the same old rut underold system. However, he influenced the late Qing dynasty politicalsituation considerably with his deeds in frontier defenses. I-Shan isworth discussing with Frontier Defenses in Late Qing Dynasty.This paper talks about I-Shan’s past experience compendiouslywith a brief introduction about his life, then to confer the positionat frontier defenses on late Qing dynasty with what I-Shan processedin Guangzhou, Xinjiang, and Heilongjiang.