方回《瀛奎律髓》選評賈島詩的視角及其詩學意義

The Perspective and the Implications in Poetry from Fang Hui’s Selection and Comments on Jia Dao’s Poems in “Ying Kui Lu Sui”

宋元之際方回選評的《瀛奎律髓》，乃以「江西詩派」為核心的唐宋律詩選集，除了著名的紀昀批點，另有馮舒、馮班、陸貽典、查慎行、何義門、許義芳等十多家評語，可見其影響之大。本文選擇以唐代寒士詩人賈島（779-843）觀察點，蓋賈島在唐人選唐詩中僅見十二首，北宋歐陽脩指賈島「平生尤喜自為窮苦之句」，蘇軾提出「郊寒島瘦」，南宋嚴羽《滄浪詩話》稱其作品非「大乘正法眼者」，評價並不高。而方回《瀛奎律髓》選評賈島詩共六十七首，僅次於杜甫、白居易，高居唐人第三。細讀評語，方回除了一再提及學杜以賈島入門可至，亦可見其處處留心於賈、杜兩人的關聯性。此外，方回選評賈島詩的內容，既選入「筆力奇橫」一類與江西詩派宗旨相近的作品，亦多選評其平雅風格之作，亦可見其「詩不可不自成家，亦不可不被眾體」的詩學主張。本文試以方回《瀛奎律髓》選評賈島詩的三個面向進行觀察：其一，討論方回選賈島詩之數量的意義；其二，探討其所開啟賈島與杜甫的連結；其三，分析方回選評賈島詩的兩種風格面向，期能發現方回《瀛奎律髓》選評賈島詩的獨特視角及其詩學意義。

Fang Hui (1227-1309) lived in the period of time between Song and Yuan dynasties. He had written a book named “Ying Kui Lu Sui,” which was based on Jiang Xi faction to appraisal the Tang and Song dynasty regulated verse. Later on, the book had been discussed by many critics, such as Ji Yun, Feng Ban, Lu Yi Dian, etc., indicating the significance of “Ying Kui Lu Sui”. This article carried on an investigation into Jia Dao (779-843) poems. In anthology of Tang poem, only 12 pieces of Jia Dao’s poems had been chosen. In Song dynasty, Ou Yang Xiu had stated the preference of Jia Dao’s in painstakingly creating a poem, with which readers could feel his agony. Also, Su Shi said Jia Dao liked to write about destitution, exhaustion and misfortune. Yan Yu in “Cang Lang Shi Hua” deemed Jia Dao’s poems “not among mainstream Tang poems.” All of the above, we could know Jia Dao’s poems weren’t widely accepted by Tang and Song dynasty literati. Despite this fact, Fang Hui in his “Ying Kui Lu Sui”, on the contrary, selected 67 pieces of Jia Dao’s poems, which came in the third rank in Tang poet category (First rank was Du Fu and second rank was Bai Ju Yi). In addition, when Fang Hui commented on Jia Dao’s poems, he said “if you want to write poems like Du Fu, you could start from Jia Dao’s poems.” He had lectured about this sequence of learning more than once. Furthermore, Fang Hui had read and picked some tranquil or graceful poems of Jia Dao. Fang Hui’s selection in “Ying Kui Lu Sui” provides two indications: One of which is that Jia Dao could write different kinds poem; the other is that Fang Hui really practiced what he preached: “An exceptional poet could write variety of poems.” These are notable points but has not been researched by many scholars. In light of this lack of research, this article has three main sections. Firstly, this article inspects and analyzes the meaning behind the amount of Jia Dao poems which had been chosen by Fang Hui. Secondly, the analysis is followed by the discussion on the link made by Fang Hui between Du Fu poems and Jia Dao poems. At last, the author examines particularly two styles, to which critics seldom give attention, of Jia Dao’s poems selected by Fang Hui. However, the ultimate goal of this article is to explore the special view and theory of the poetic from the Jia Dao poems which had been selected in “Ying Kui Lu Sui”.