論孟子「仁政」的根據與實現

The Foundation and the Actualization of “Jen-Cheng” in Mencius

在「性善說」的基礎下，孟子的政治理想是執政者能以「不忍人之心」，即「仁心」，來施政。要勸服執政者如此做，除了以其結果利誘外，以下兩點非常重要：一是讓他們知道他們也「內在本有」「不忍人之心」──這屬於「仁政」之所以可能的根據問題，另一是告訴他們具體實踐的原則與措施──這是「如何實現」的問題。這兩點孟子都做了。但，兩者是如何連結在一起的？也就是：它們具体的連結點是什麼？本文除了針對上述兩點來作了解外，還特別注重它們之間的連結問題。在根據方面，本文透過分析「証明」與「証成」之不同，提出孟子是以「啟示性的例示之証成方式」來確立「人人皆內在本有不忍人之心」的； 除此，更進一步論述此心的特性──「以感通為性，以潤物為用」，並以此為「仁政」之所以可能的根據與具体實現間的連結點。

At the basis of the doctrine of Shing-shan (the Goodness of Human Nature), Mencius holds the view that the ruler should run his country with Jen-Hsin/Bu-ren-jen-che-hsing.In order to persuade the rulers at his time to do it, besides telling them the good results of doing it, the following two points are especially important: First, to let them believe that they are originally and internally having Jen-hsing──this regards to the problem of the foundation of Jen-chen; Secondly, to let them know how to fulfill it──This has something to do with how concretely to practice it. With respect to the problem of the foundation, through making a distinction between “demonstration” and “justification,” I maintain that what Mencius does is to “justify” his doctrine of Hsing-shan by “a heuristic illustration.” And, for him, the Hsin or Hsing is essential to feel the situation of other's life and benefit other beings. And it is this that connects the foundation and the concrete way of fulfilling Jen-cheng.