朱子晚年仁說──以《玉山講義》為中心的考察

On Humanity Theory of Zhu Xi—Examination focusing on YuShan Lecture

相對于中年，朱子晚年的仁說更強調從宇宙論層次來詮釋，將仁不僅理解為人性的本質，還將仁理解為宇宙間生生變易流行的總體。此仁說較注重仁與義、禮、智的內在關聯與融貫，並將四德次序與天之四德的元亨利貞繼生次第聯繫起來。與其中年仁說主要強調以人為天地之心相比又有新的推進。儒學本質上是仁學，朱子仁學宇宙論的闡揚是在新的理論高度對孔孟以來的仁學思想的開拓與發展。此思想在其晚年《玉山講義》及事後《答陳器之問〈玉山講義〉》中講述地較為系統。

Compared with his middle age, the theory of Humanity of Zhu Xi that in his old age put more emphasis on cosmology, he not only comprehended Humanity as the essence of human nature but also as the entirety of the changing cosmos. The theory not only stressed the inner affiliation of Humanity with Righteousness Rite and Wit but connected the four with Yuan Heng Li and Zhen of natural law. It should be seen as a development in comparison to the theory that human is the kernel of the cosmos. The core of Confucianism is humanity theory. The humanity theory of ZhuXi is development of humanity thought of Mencius to a higher level. This can be found systematically in YuShan Lecture and Reply Chen Qizhi on YuShan Lecture.