外部衝擊、區域經濟回復力之構成及作用機制

External Shocks, and the Construction and Functioning Mechanisms of Regional Economic Resilience

意識到近來愈加頻繁的全球金融危機及經濟大蕭條，區域發展領域的學者開始關注這些事件對地方及區域經濟長期發展的影響。特別是一些發展已趨成熟的傳統產業區域，由於更容易受到全球化發展的負面影響，如何讓這些區域有能力因應突發之重大衝擊，便成了區域發展研究及政策的重要議題。在此情形下，近來關於區域經濟發展及演化的文獻，也從原先多著重在區域成長機制，擴展至區域回復力面向的探討。據此，本研究以台灣工具機產業群聚為案例，先指認這個台灣著名之產業長期發展過程中所面臨的重大衝擊，並藉由本文所建構的區域經濟回復力分析架構，分別探討區域經濟體經歷不同性質之衝擊時，如何發揮其回復力，以及影響這個過程的重要因素。本研究發現，根據外部衝擊性質不同，區域經濟體會經由不同能動者（agency）的介入進行回應。以台灣工具機產業群聚為例，遭逢屬於主要市場受挫型的衝擊，其是在企業家的主導下，動員公司內及群聚內的資源，使能有效採行開拓或分散市場的策略；面對國際金融危機型衝擊時，則是透過學習與跨廠商聯盟，進行產業的再結構，提升整體產業競爭力；而碰到大型天災，則受益於群聚內部之網絡式協力生產組織，使得廠商受損的生產能力能快速恢復。其中企業家精神、產業結構、公部門協助與社會資本，分別按不同類型的外部衝擊進行互動產生區域經濟回復力。

Regional economic resilience has gained increasing prominence in studies of regional development in the past decade. Acknowledging the recent frequent emergence of global financial crisis or economic depression, the impacts of these events on the long-term local and regional development have become the subjects of concern. More specifically, as the sustained development of some mature traditional industrial regions are more easily subject to the negative influences of the current global economy, how these regions respond unexpected major shocks and undergo structure readjustments have become the important issues in studying regional development. In this context, recently, the discussions of regional development have shifted from the study of regional growth to the understanding of regional resilience in response to various external shocks. Based on these ideas, this paper uses Taiwan’s machine tool cluster as the empirical case to study how a regional economy exerts its resilience in response to various external shocks, and critical factors influencing the processes of the development of regional economic resilience.