道德危害下的後京奧城市區域空間轉變及其脆弱性：以奧運中心區為例

Spatial Transformation After the Beijing Olympic Games and Its Socio-economic Vulnerability under the Moral Hazard: Case Study with the Olympic Central Area

北京於2008年成功舉辦奧林匹克運動會，然而在奧運賽事的背後，為了提升國際間的形象、促進展場地區發展；其基於城鄉總體規劃及北京首都圈經濟圈的推動，有目的性之設置展場，透過奧運活動的旅遊人潮（增加約100萬人次）帶動地區經濟。此等景象，卻增加城市成長的危機與發展脆弱。積極而言，驗證了本文所謂的「道德危害（moral hazard）」論述──傳統的都市計畫論述常以增強空間基礎設施，並以「成長極（growth core）」方式帶動城市空間的區域發展；殊不知，在面對極端氣候與全球空間資本流動的當下，已造成地區容受力衰弱、耐韌力（resilience）遞減與社經脆弱（socio-economic vulnerabilities）的倍增。前述都市成長的危機，釀成日後以國家資本化的展場管理維護模式，尤其，地產的昇華與地景的仕紳化（gentrification），促使土地的不正義與空間的商品化。本研究發問在於，北京市政府透過奧運展場企圖熱絡地區發展，重新規劃展場周遭土地使用，帶動經濟發展，而在推動空間發展下，卻忽略都市弱勢層面所引發之社經脆弱度（如，工作機會雖增加，但導致失序的流動增加土地的承載量、低收入戶被強迫遷移至社會邊緣地帶）。因此，本文藉由深入訪談與田野調查方式，闡述北京在後奧運的城市空間轉變及其衝突現象（奧運選址機制、空間發展失靈）；並引介「道德危害」論述，以突顯後京奧城市空間（奧運中心區）轉變的社經脆弱性，藉此幫助往後規劃者在從事大型活動空間建造之際，期能不僅提升城鎮區域（cityregional）社經發展與空間意象，也能改善早期都市規劃所遺留的社經脆弱性與不合理性。

The Olympic Games were successfully held in Beijing 2008. The central government of China attempted to present an international image and improve the display area of regeneration according to the central plan for Beijing. The local government intended to set the display place through the stream of people in the Olympic Games to enhance the city-regional spatial economy. One objective of this study was to verify and redefine “moral hazards” in Central Beijing after the Olympic Games; the other side, to argue the discourse of traditional city planning which is often take use the growth core or empower the facilities to drive the economic development. When the post-Olympic game places facing the climate changes and spatial capital flows will be resulted in the weakness of land carry capacity, decrement of the city resilience and its socio-economic vulnerabilities, especially in the land injustice, e.g., the maintenance by national capitalization and the landscape by gentrification. One problem is that the actual reason for redistricting the Olympic central area was to promote the ambient exploitation of the display place on the surface, but it brings the socio-economic vulnerability in the essence; for example, the city forced low-income residents and floating population moving to the societal border district. This study attempted to take in-depth interviews and field study both ways as a main research method to clarify the spatial transformation mechanisms of after Olympic Games and its conflict spatial reconstruction of phenomenon (sites selecting mechanism for the location of Olympic Games, market failure for spatial (re)development). The contribution of this study is its interpretation and construction of “moral hazard”, which highlights the socio-economic vulnerabilities of spatial transformation in Beijing, China after the 2008 Olympic Games.