城市遺產與城市發展之衝突：以新加坡咖啡山為例

Conflict Urban Heritage and Urban Development: A Case Study in Singapore’s Bukit Nanas

自新加坡市區重建局於2011年9月宣佈，為了擴建道路與未來可能興建組屋的需求，咖啡山墳場將有部分被移作公用。由於咖啡山被認為是極具歷史意義的華人墳場，為了發展的理由而被移除，引發了一連串來自民間的質疑與挑戰，其中最大的呼籲是將咖啡山視為是國家性的遺產地景，並應予以保護。本文以此案例，探討在都市發展的思維下，墳場土地實用性與墓葬空間神聖性在新加坡的社會脈絡下產生何種對話與對立。本文首先回顧文化遺產地景與認同之相關理論，再來探討新加坡官方規劃下的文化遺產地景，來給予咖啡山爭議一個更大的脈絡，之後進行咖啡山案例分析。最後，本文對此案例歸納出四點意義：一、咖啡山代表了新加坡作為移民社會的歷史性，應能反映歷史記憶與國家認同；二、它代表了對過去遺產空間規劃政策的反思，更重要的是認為遺產空間應與生活經驗結合；三、此案例也對綠地空間的人工營造提出省思；四、對「公共利益」的界定提出質疑。

Taking Singapore’s “Bukit Brown Cemetery” disputes as an example, this study examines the conflict between sacred and secular views of deathscapes in Singapore. In September 2011, the Singapore government announced that Bukit Brown Cemetery had been embarked for road construction to ease traffic congestion along the existing outer ring-road. In response, protests emerged with their focus being on sharing knowledge about the history and heritage value of Bukit Brown Cemetery. This study examines the debate regarding preserving the cemetery for its heritage value versus meeting the pragmatic needs of Singaporeans in the context of urban planning. Furthermore, as the government refuses to view the cemetery as national heritage, this study attempts to analyze the impractibility of Bukit Brown Cemetery becoming a nationalized preservation area in state discourses by providing a broader context of cultural heritage landscapes. Since this is a case in which the process of heritage site making is more a ground-up initiative than a state-sponsored enterprise, this debate on the heritage value of a cemetery suggests a shift in Singapore public discourse, whereby the sole pursuit of “national development” issues has become insufficient.