產業水平空間群聚型態與其空間結構之辨識：以台灣製造業為例

Identification of Horizontal Spatial Clustering and Its Spatial Structure: The Case of Manufacturing Industries in Taiwan

本研究主要目標是發展出產業水平空間群聚與其空間結構之辨識模式，此辨識模式具有以下兩大優點：(1)本模式以空間集中與空間聚集共同辨識空間群聚，可避免因為空間單元劃定過小而無法辨識彼此空間鄰近之區塊，或空間單元劃定過大，導致辨識結果產生偏誤；(2)本模式結合總體與個體層次之分析，不僅可辨識由不同產業經濟特性所組成之整合空間群聚，亦可探討特定產業空間群聚中不同空間區位與空間結構之重要性。根據實證結果本研究有以下五點重要發現：(1)國內製造業多呈現高水平空間群聚（高水平空間集中與高水平空間聚集）或高水平空間集中之發展趨勢，其中高水平空間集中效果之產業類型，多屬於單點高度集中，但整體分散之空間型態，本研究不列入產業水平空間群聚；(2)大規模企業朝向水平空間集中發展趨勢，相對中小規模廠商朝向水平空間聚集之發展趨勢；(3)水平空間群聚產業的核心區位呈現穩定發展且有向外擴散之特性，相對外圍空間之區位移轉比例較大；(4)分析10年間之發展變化，顯示國內製造業有朝向水平空間分散之發展趨勢，其中都會區扮演非常重要之角色，不同製造業會依據生產與市場需求座落都會區內之都會核心都市、都會都市、都會鄉鎮，進而形成不同程度之空間分工；(5)對照10年間空間結構型態之轉變，可看出國內製造業有逐漸移出都會核心都市，轉往都會都市與周邊鄉鎮發展之趨勢。

This study proposes a model to identify and analyze the horizontal spatial clustering of industries (HSCI). The proposed model offers the following two advantages: (1) It can avoid the problems that arise when space units are too small to tell the geographic proximity or too large to overestimate the clustering boundary. (2) It can not only identify the HSCI formed by different economic characteristics, but can also analyze the importance of different spatial locations and structures in a specific HSCI by performing both macro- and micro- level analyses. Based on the empirical analysis, this study yields five important findings: (1) The manufacturing industries in Taiwan are horizontally highly clustered (concentrated and agglomerated) or concentrated. The concentrated manufacturing industries mostly belong to spatial concentrations in one county but to spatial dispersions between different counties. (2) Large-scale manufacturing industries exhibit spatial concentration, while small- and medium- scale industries exhibit spatial agglomeration. (3) The central areas of HSCI have exhibited stable development compared to the peripheral areas, and show outward diffusion. (4) The results also demonstrate that manufacturing industries in Taiwan are moving toward the spatial dispersion of intra-industries and spatial clustering of inter-industries between 1991-2001. Most manufacturing industries cluster at the metropolitan scale, which shows the key role played by metropolitan cities in this process. (5) The manufacturing industries moved from metropolitan core cities toward metropolitan cities and edge counties between 1991-2001.