應用生態足跡分析探討貿易對永續發展之影響

USING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS TO EXPLORE THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

生態足跡分析為評估永續發展的工具之一，該模型的特色在於利用計算特定區域人口消費行為轉換為每人消耗之土地面積，討論消費行為是否超過每人生態標竿，並對該地造成生態上不可回復的損害，長時間之觀察可偵測出該地區是否邁向永續發展。影響生態足跡大小的因子包括質易與技術兩項，相關研究發現，影響台灣地區生態足跡比重較大的魚類及能源消費皆受貿易行為影響極大，顯示若能藉由質易行為的適度調整將可降低生態足跡並達到促進永續發展的目的。而台中都會區之生態足跡研究亦發現，影響台中都會區生態足跡較大的化石能源地及耕地、牧草地之消費行為（包括日常用品消費、能源消費、糧食與木材消費）皆受貿易因子之影響；此外，探討貿易行為對永續發展影響的研究指出，永續發展的達成將藉由質易行為凸顯，而封閉或受保護的市場將阻礙永續發展的達成；因此適當的貿易政策將可促進國際與國內永續發展的達成。本文利用生態足跡分析探討台灣地區近年來貿易行為對生態足跡的影響，藉此討論加入國際質易組織是否有利於永續發展的達成。本文第一部份討論生態足跡分析的理論並分析其與永續發展的關係，第二部份為貿易與永續發展關係之理論基礎，第三部份討論1991年至1996年貿易行為對台灣地區生態足跡之影響，第四部份說明貿易因子對台灣地區生態足跡面積及永續發展的影響，第五部份討論如何透過貿易行為的適當運作達成永續發展，最後一部份則為結語。

The Ecological Footprint (EF) analysis is used to evaluate the extent of sustainable development by calculating and adding up the land areas consumed by per person. The EF analysis examines whether the consumption behavior exceeds the ecological benchmark and whether it has caused an irreversible damage to the environment. A long-term observation can be used to evaluate whether the consumption behavior of a certain area is towards sustainable development or not. Two factors affecting the EF analysis include trade and technology. In one previous study, two larger parts of Taiwan's ecological footprint are affected by trade behaviors. This indicates that if the trade behavior can be properly adjusted, the ecological footprint will be reduced and hence the sustainable development goal will be achieved. In another study, the larger consumption behaviors affecting the size of the ecological footprint of Taichung metropolitan area include fossil fuel energy land, cropland, and pasture (including daily consumption, energy consumption, and food and wood consumption). In addition, various studies suggest that the sustainable development goal can be achieved via appropriate trade behaviors, whereas a closed and protected market will hinder the fulfillment of sustainable development. Therefore, appropriate trade policies can promote international and national sustainable development. The framework of this article is to use the EF analysis as an evaluative tool to examine the impact of trade behavior on the ecological footprint. Furthermore, this article discusses whether joining the international trade organizations will help to achieve sustainable development. Section 1 examines the EF analysis model and analyzes the relationships between the EF and sustainable development. Section 2 explores theoretical bases for the relationship between trade behavior and the sustainable development. Section 3 discusses the impact of trade behavior on Taiwan's ecological footprint from 1991 to 1996. Section 4 elaborates the impact of the trade factor on the EF and sustainable development. Section 5 explores how to achieve sustainable development via proper trade behaviors. Section 6 is the conclusion.