北宋禁軍編制的演變與「置將法」的實施

The Evolution of Royal Armies System and Establishing the Law of Jiang in Northren Song Dynasty

本文說明北宋禁軍編制的演變，北宋前期除了建國初期三衙禁軍「廂都指揮使－軍都指揮使－指揮使－都頭∕軍使」的編制外，戰爭時期又有「都部署司」編制，有「部署」、「副部署」、「鈐轄」、「都監」等差遣。歷來研究宋史者，對於「路分都監」、「駐泊都監」、「州都監」、「路分鈐轄」、「駐泊鈐轄」、「州鈐轄」、「路分部署」、「州部署」等武職差遣，都缺乏明確的解釋，使我們對北宋前期的軍事編制，缺乏完整的認識。本文則指出，北宋在外禁軍分為「駐泊」、「屯駐」、「就糧」三類，各路駐泊都部署所轄，只有駐泊禁軍，路分部署、路分鈐轄（又稱駐泊鈐轄）、路分都監（又稱駐泊都監）即是各路都部署轄下的統兵官。至於各州的「屯駐」、「就糧」禁軍，則由各州的知州（兼州部署或州鈐轄）統率，其下的統兵官則為州都監（監押）、縣都監（監押）、鎮監押、寨監押等。這種分散部署、分散指揮的方式，導致仁宗宋夏戰爭時期，陝西各路安撫使（兼都部署）用兵捉襟見肘，宋朝因此處於不利的一方。神宗「置將法」的改革，把90%左右的禁軍（包括各路的駐泊禁軍與各州的屯駐、就糧禁軍）都納於新設的各「將」之下，這一作法增加了各路安撫使（兼都總管）指揮調度的權力。元豐宋夏戰爭，宋朝得以調動近四十萬大軍征伐西夏，此一制度功不可沒。北宋後期安撫使地位大為提高，已非北宋中期「其實一大郡守耳」的情形了。南宋以後，安撫使又加「制置使」銜，成為一路的封疆大吏。

In the early northern Song Dynasty, the military system was the ＂three headquarters＂ system (including xiangdozhihuishi, jundozhihuishi, zhihuishi, dotou or junshi). But in wartime, there was another ＂dobushu＂ system, including bushu, qianxia and dojian. The researchers of Song Dynasty have not clearly understood the meanings of these words, lufendojian, zhubodojian, zhoudojian, lufenqianxia, zhuboqianxia, zhouqianxia, lufenbushu and zhoubushu. This makes us visionless to the military system of early northern Song Dynasty. In fact, the Royal Armies of northern Song had also been divided into three kinds, zhubo, tunzhu and jiuliang. The dobushu was the commanding officer of zhubo Army. Lufenbushu, lufenqianxia (zhuboqianxia) and lufendojian (zhubodojian) were officers under the dobushu. Tunzhu and jiuliang Armies belonged to zhizhou (zhoubushu or zhouqianxia). Zhoudojian and xiandojian were officers under zhizhou. The way of dividing Armies made Song’s Armies failed in Song-Xia War. Emperor Shenzong of Song established the Law of Jiang. He put 90% Royal Armies (including zhubo, tunzhu and jiuliang) under a new system ＂jiang＂ increased the power of anfushi (dobushu) although it did not help to promote Song Army’s actual war power. In the Song-Xia War of Emperor Shenzong, there were four hundred thousand soldiers of Song’s Army joined this war. This system had its merit. In the late period of Northern Song, the status of anfushi was greatly elevated, not in the situation of just being a leader of a zhou. Until southern Song, anfushi became the highest officer of a lu by adding the title of zhizhishi.