北宋後期的西北戰爭與軍功世家的興衰── 以王韶、种諤家族為例

The North-west War in the Late Northern Song Dynasty and the Rise and Fall of Military Families：The Examples of Wang Shao and Chong E’s Families

宋史研究者的傳統觀點，認為宋朝以「以文制武」為國策，壓抑武將的地位，宋太祖「杯酒釋兵權」，可謂這種政策的代表。但北宋後期，這種政策似乎悄悄的轉變，西北軍功世家（包括武將以及「武將化」的文官）勢力逐漸抬頭，對中央決策的影響力逐漸提高。王韶獻〈平戎三策〉成為北宋後期征討河湟、牽制西夏的主要政策。种諤招降納叛，收復綏州，又向朝廷建議對西夏發動戰爭。可見北宋後期，西北軍功世家已經有左右朝廷決策的能力。雖然王韶、种諤等人，對宋朝忠心耿耿，並無藩鎮割據的傾向，且种諤、王厚、种師道、种師中相繼在宋夏、宋金戰爭中失敗，使得兩個軍功世家的發展因而中斷。但軍功家族地位的提高，甚至影響外交決策，對於強調「以文制武」的北宋王朝來說，卻是重大的轉變。

The Song history's researchers traditionally think that constraining military officers' statuses was the national policy of Song Dynasty. For example, Emperor Taizu of Song relieved Generals of military power. But in the late period of Northern Song, the policy had been quietly changed. The influences of North-west military families on central policy were growing up. Wang Shao offered three strategies to conquer barbarians, which became the main policy of fighting Hehuang and contain West Xia. Chong e urged Xia' General to surrender and recovered Suizhou and suggested the government to wage wars on Xia. Hence in the late period of Northern Song, the military families of North-west had ability to influence the government to make decisions. Although Wang Shao and Chong e were loyal to Song dynasty and had no inclination to divide the counties, and Chong e, Wang hou, Chong shi-dao and Chong Shi-zhong in turn failed in battles of Song against Xia and Song against Jin, thus making two military families break up in development. But the statuses of military families were raised and even influence diplomatic decisions, which was a big change to the Northern Song government that stressed ＂using literary against military＂ policy.