從新自由主義觀點分析台灣庇護工場發展

An Analysis on Development of Sheltered Workshop for People with Disabilities in Taiwan: perspective of neo-liberalism

1970年代經濟危機引發的福利國家危機，導致了社會福利典範的改變，從凱因斯式的國家計畫轉變為新自由主義的市場取代國家。新自由主義所追求的市場競爭與去國家調節化，透過資訊科技的高度發展，配合資本主義全球化的風潮，無論其是否之前為福利國家，世界各國的社會與勞動政策發展都受其影響，臺灣身心障礙者庇護工廠的發展也不例外。本文透過對新自由主義與臺灣在2007年所實施之「身心障礙者權益保障法」中有關庇護工場之相關文獻之的探討，分析新自由主義對台灣庇護工場發展的政策特徵與邏輯的具體影響。研究結果發現，現行身心障礙者庇護工場的政策特徵包括：有「職業」但無職業訓練的「重建」制度、國家責任的退縮、職評成為篩檢障礙者是否具有庇護就業資格的查核機制、庇護工場成為安置隔離障礙者之地、障礙者成為沒有基本薪資的勞工。這些與新自由主義所強調的福利市場化、個人能力決定福利給付以及最低度的國家介入有著親近性。其已造成許多身心障礙者無法進入一般職場、亦無法進入庇護工場就業的困境。本文建議政府應修改現行法規，以身心障礙者的就業需求將庇護工場重新分類，對庇護工場給予適當支持，讓弱勢障礙者保有職業重建的機會。

The 1970s welfare state crisis and economic crisis, has caused the social welfare paradigm change, transition from Keynes state-plan into the market replace state of the neo-liberalism. The neo-liberalism pursues the market competition, by the high development of information science and technology and globalization of the capitalism, has not only affected the social policy and the labor policy development in the world, but also shaped the background of sheltered workshop policy for people with disabilities in Taiwan. This article tries to explain the effects of neo-liberalism to the characters and logics of the development of the sheltered workshop in Taiwan, by analyzing the literatures about neo-liberalism and “The rights and interests protection law for the people with disabilities ” in Taiwan that was implemented in 1997. This article found that the characters of sheltered workshop policy in Taiwan are similar with the viewpoints of neo-liberalism, welfare marketzation, individual ability decides the welfare benefit and least state intervention. The negative result is that many young people with disabilities can neither go to the general labor market nor sheltered workshops. This article suggests that the government should revise the law and classify the sheltered workshops according to the different needs for the people with disabilities, provide the sheltered workshops more support for producing the enough opportunities of occupational rehabilitation for the people with disabilities.