論《烏孫公主歌》的文化意涵

A Discussion on the Cultural Comprehension of “Song of Princess Wu-sun”

烏孫公主並非中國歷史上第一位擔任與異族和親任務的女性，但卻是第一位在正史上留下最多記載的一位和親公主。以烏孫公主和親的事蹟，印證漢朝初年和親政策的起源與執行情況，可以得知和親對漢朝而言為一屈辱性作為。為了消極抵抗不得已的和親政策，漢朝選擇和親人選時，大抵以皇室嫡系之外為考量，並且極為可能以曾犯下嚴重罪行的貴族之後為優先，藉以貶抑對方。因此，對於和親任務執行者──即和親女性而言，遠嫁異族王室於名義上雖為提昇地位，然於漢文化觀點則無異於貶謫、放逐；因此其社會地位之升降與種族、政治因素交纏，形成一複雜的文化課題，和親女性的身分認同問題亦隨而顯現。〈烏孫公主歌〉為中國古代少見的以女性詩歌，其中不僅蘊涵精緻的文學意義，並且涉及深廣的文化意涵。在此簡短的楚辭體詩歌中充分顯現了少見的、以漢族為主的古代中國與其他少數民族發生文化接觸╱文化衝擊時關於身分認同的惶惑。由於歷史意義與文化意識雙重作用，西漢以後的詩人乃從烏孫公主的歷史記載與詩歌中擷取靈感，逐步建構另一位中國民間家喻戶曉的和親女性王昭君的淒美形象。

Although it was at times dictated by the needs of defence and retrenchment, “peace and kinship”(he-qin) was one of the most important foreign policies with especially Northern Xongnu during almost whole West Han period. Through West Han Princess Wu-sun's case some cultural issues that related to “he-qin” will be discussed in this article, such as how West Han government picked a suitable individual to carry out this diplomatic duty, how the picked “princess” experienced this international and interracial marriage in such early time, and how the images of princess Wu-sun was used into the construction of characteristic of another popularly well-known lady Wang Zhao-jun and that finally becomes significant feature of “he-qin” female in Chinese traditional literature.