主體性或社會性？－－胡塞爾與舒茲論互為主體性

Subjectivity or Sociality?-- Husserl and Schutze on Intersubjectivity

本文探討胡塞爾與舒茲兩種不同類型的互為主體性理論。胡塞爾藉由此概念探討世界的客觀性如何確立的問題，舒茲則指出互為主體性本質上乃是一種世俗世界的根本現象，也是一切社會互動之所以可能的基礎。本文所提出的主要問題是：在肯定胡塞爾的互為主體性概念仍膠著於主體性之情況下，舒茲的互為主體性理論是否真的就脫離了主體哲學的束縛？本文的主張是，舒茲直到晚期提出「相互準備投入關係」(mutual tuning-in relationship)才走出「主體性」而凸顯了「主體際性」或「社會性」的特質。

The Husserlian and Schutzian ideas of intersubjectivity are explored in this paper. Husserl uses the notion of intersubjectivity to interrogate the problem of the world's objectivity, whereas Schutz in contrast regards intersubjectivity as the foundation of the mundane social world. All interactions cannot but presuppose intersubjectivity in his eyes. The main question raised in this paper is: acknowledging the Husserlian intersubjectivity still bound up by subjectivity, does Schutz offer a better explanation of intersubjectivity which gets rid of the philosophy of subjectivity? I hold that not until he posits the conception of 'mutual tuning-in relationship' does he do justice to intersubjectivity.