否定性與絕對倫理－－由黑格爾之自然法論文談現代社會之危機

Negativity and the Absolute Ethical Life-- Hegel's Natural Law Essay and the Crisis of Modern Society

黑格爾於1802／03年發表於Kritisches Journal der Philosophie II 2,3上有關自然法理論的文章「論研究自然法的不同方式，其在實踐哲學中之地位，以及自然法與實證法學的關係」（以下簡稱自然法論文），一般公認是黑格爾早期最有代表性之政治與法律哲學作品，亦可視為其「法哲學綱要」之原初型態的表現，因此其重要性是毋庸置疑的。另一方面，正因為在自然法論文裡沒有太多對具體制度之詳細闡述，黑格爾的法律與國家哲學的理論反而可以以一種更為一般性的形式加以表述，對於並不想拘泥於綱要中之制度設計的當代人而言，這正提供了一種反思黑格爾哲學與現代社會諸種問題的自由空間。本文即首先對自然法論文的主要論述，亦即對形式主義研究方法的批判（貳），以及對絕對倫理的闡述（參）進行介紹與評述。所謂形式主義的自然法研究方法，即是指康德與費希特的自然法理論。而「絕對倫理」的理論，則是黑格爾法哲學理論的核心，其中包括了無限性之否定物，法的領域，階層與犧牲，以悲劇闡述倫理性，以及道德性問題幾個重點。在第肆部分，筆者則嘗試在自然法論文的基礎上，提出幾個對現代社會的檢討。其中包括了：道德主體的消散，道德性之虛妄，法律之資產階級性格，自由主義政治哲學的特色，以及爭取承認的抗爭幾個層面。

Hegel's Natural Law Essay (Ueber die wissenschaftlichen Behandlungsarten des Naturrechts, seine Stelle in der praktischen Philosophie und sein Verhaltnis zu den positiven Rechtswissenschaften, first published in Kritisches Journal der PhilosophieII 2, 3 in the year 1802 / 03 ) is commonly recognized as the most representative work of Hegel's political and legal philosophy during his early times. It is also deemed as the prototype of his Philosophy of Rights. Because there are only few discussions about concrete institutions in this essay, Hegel's legal and political theory can be expressed in a more general way. For those who do not want to be restrained by the institutional design in Philosophy of Rights,this essay can offer more inspirations to reflect the relations between Hegel's philosophy and the problems of modern society. This article begins with interpretation and analysis of the major parts of Natural Law Essay. Two parts of Natural Law Essay will be examined: the formalistic method of natural law, that means the natural law theory of Kant and Fichte (part II); and the theory of absolute ethical life (part III), which is the core of Hegel's legal philosophy. There are five major points in this theory: the negative of infinity, the domain of law, the class and sacrifice, elucidation of ethical life through tragedy, and the morality. In part IV of this article, I try to offer some critics on the modern society based on the insights obtained from the analysis above. It includes the disappearance of moral subjectivity, the non-seriousness of morality, the bourgeois characters of law, the main features of liberalism, and the struggle for recognition.