談「主體的弔詭性」

On the 'Paradox of the Subjectivity'

本文首先指出「主體弔詭性」在胡塞爾現象學中成為一論題的出處與重要性，接著闡釋它所形成的原因。與之相對照，本文續在廣義對主體的理解下，將海德格與齊克果哲學中面對「存有」或「上帝」的人，亦歸於具備另一種形態的「主體弔詭性」。本文特別以在此三位哲學家所涉及的時間問題為軸心，來看此弔詭性的根本形成原因以及為他們所應對的方式。本文主要論述胡塞爾愈要求主體為建構整個世界的基礎，卻愈承認主體始終有依賴於世界的弔詭性質。對這問題的突顯，顯示胡塞爾更徹底理解了主體；對這問題的應對，則胡塞爾一方面就主體具有如內在時間形式之必然普遍結構而擁有局部建構世界之基礎性質來考慮。另一方面則就整個超驗生活的相應明顯性要求，而將主體視為在無限遠處可自明來思量。海德格與齊克果則皆以為主體愈體察其自己的有限性，卻愈有自我提昇的可能。就時間問題來看， 「剎那」的時間意識乃為人與「存有」或「上帝」接觸的瞬間，它為怖慄與罪的意識所充滿，而主體一旦對這些所顯示之人的有限性愈體 認，則愈有克服之可能。雖然這一切乃由「存有」或「上帝」所賦予。

This paper shows first the reference and the importance of the thesis 'paradox of the subjectivity' in Husserl's phenomenology. The reason from which it originates is then to be explained. In comparison with it, Heidegger' and Kierkegaard's philosophy in which the human being is confronted with Being or God presents an another kind of 'paradox of the subjectivity' which we understand here in a wider sense. Specially we take into account the problem of 'time' treated by these three philosophers in order to see the essential reason of this paradox and the ways how they deal with it. This paper discusses above all that the more Husserl claims to the subjectivity as the fundament of the world, the more he recognizes the paradox of the subjectivity which depends upon the world. His strong consciousness of this problem means that he understands the subjectivity very thoroughly. He treats this problem by means of that on the one hand, the subject has the partial character of the fundament of the world concerning the apodictic general structure like the form of the immanent time in the subjectivity. On the other hand, the subject in regard to the concrete transcendental life is proved to be adequately evident only as an endless idea. Heidegger and Kierkegaard both see that the more the human being is conscious of his own endlessness, the more he can surmount himself. As to the problem of 'time' the 'moment' signifies the touch between the human being and Being or God each other. The 'moment' is filled with the consciousness of anxiety and sin. But when the human being finds his own endlessness signifie d by this, he can overcome this. Although he owes it to Being or God.