來知德《易》學特色－－錯綜哲學

The Characteristic of the Theory of Yi of Lai, Zhi-de ─ Theory of Corresponding Relationship and Flowing Activities

本文旨在研究明代《易》學大家來知德之《易》學特色。文章先以來氏象學為起點，進而統整其《易》學之各部分研究，並配合彼「模寫」說之主張，再點出來氏《易》學根本之哲學思想－－錯綜哲學。來氏《易》學被現代《易》學史歸於象數派，指出其特色在於取象說。來氏之取象說是針對朱子所稱易象多有不可理解者，將之修正為易象均是可以解釋的。來氏之論據在於其「模寫」說，彼認為聖人藉著卦爻符號模寫天地自然之象，故皆有取象緣由。基於「模寫」說，來氏進一步指出聖人所模寫之根本原理即是所謂「對待」與「流行」之理，故卦爻象處處「反映」自然界對待與流行之理，而伏羲、文王《易》圖其意義亦對待與流行之理的反映。來氏認為既然己能充分且相應掌握先王畫卦作圖之精神，後人應可承繼聖人之本意，作進一步發展；故而來氏將伏羲、文王之圖結合，創畫出結合對待與錯綜之理的來氏《易》圖。來氏自言此圖之意義在於表現「對待者數，主宰者理，流行者氣」的意義，此三句話足見來氏之宇宙論是氣一本論，將氣提升為形上本體義，即此而言宇宙萬化皆此一氣流行不已之作用，而此正是來氏錯綜哲學之義涵所在。整篇文章便是即此架構出來知德《易》學之特色所在。

The main purpose of this paper is to probe the characteristic of the Theory of Yi of Lai, Zhi-de. This paper begins with the Lai's phenomenology, and then each particular research of Lai's Theory of Yi is integrated, combined with his claim of the theory of description. From the frame of his thoughts, the essential concept of his Theory of Yi, Theory of corresponding relationship and flowing activities, is pointed out. According to the modem history of Theory of Yi, the Lai's Theory of Yi is sorted into faction of images and numbers, whose characteristic is the theory of image-taking. The theory of image-taking modifies Zhu-zi's claim that most of the images are not understandable to become that all the images are explainable. His concept is based on his theory of description, and further, he points out that it is the principles of corresponding relationship and flowing activities that the ancient saints want to describe most. Therefore, images of Eight Diagrams always reflect the principles of corresponding relationship and flowing activities, and the images from Fu His and Wen Wang also reflect this idea. In Lai's mind, now that the spirit of the images of ancient saints are fully mastered, all their descendants should follow their steps and make this spirit further developed. For this reason, Lai, combining the mages of Fu His and Wen Wang together, originates his own image of Theory of Yi by linking the principles of corresponding relationship and flowing activities together. He once ever said that the meaning of his image of Theory of Yi was to convey the meaning of ' It is the image and number that is of the corresponding relationship and flowing activities; it is the metaphysical Reason that is of the Master; and it is the metaphysical Air that is of the flowing activities which proves that Lai's ontology refers to the metaphysical Air as the essential principle of the ontology advancing metaphysical Air toward the metaphysically first principle. Thereby, The concept that all forms of changes pervading all through the cosmos are due to the restless movements of the air is the main idea of Lai's Theory of corresponding relationship and flowing activities. It is based on his main idea that the characteristic of Lai's philosophy is framed in this paper.