二十世紀初中國繪畫中男性裸露形象的改變

The Changing Image of the Male Nude in Early 20th Century Chinese Painting

在歐洲美術學院的養成訓練中最初是以男性為模特兒，其後並輔以解剖學的課程令學員能夠深入了解身體骨骼肌理的組織和構成。二十世紀初，西畫的觀念和方法大量傳入中國後，此一訓練方法對於畫家筆下男性的形象起了不小的影響。最初浙江兩級師範學校和上海圖畫美術學校（上海美專）曾斷斷續續地僱用全裸男性模特兒，不過由於老師們學藝不精，其成果仍是非常幼稚的。直到1920年代後，更多留日或留法畫家歸國，才有人能夠真正教授男體寫生課程。之後，這些中國畫家也企圖學習西方多用油畫制作大型的歷史畫，或將中國傳統的神話和詩歌入畫，同時表現男性的理想美。這一個新的審美觀已是受到西方自希臘時期以來對男性力與美表現方式的影響。這種對男體的詮釋方式在受到西畫或日本畫影響的傳統國畫中亦有跡可循，也遍佈於當時的通俗美術如圖案設計或漫畫等中。當時的社會鼓吹男性追求力與美的身材以達強身健種的目的，更是助長西方男性理想美在三十世紀初成為重要的審美觀。

In the art training provided by European academies, male models were first used, and later on the study of anatomy was added, so students would gain a better understanding of human skeletal and muscular structure. In the early 20th century, after many concepts and methods in Western-style painting entered China, these training methods had a profound influence on the way painters depicted the male figure. Zhejiang First Normal School and Shanghai School of Fine Art were the first to hire male models to pose nude. However, because the artistic training of the teachers themselves was not very solid, the outcomes were still frequently awkward. It was not until the mid-1920s, after more artists had returned from France or Japan, that teachers appeared who were really capable of teaching drawing courses with male models. Later, as these Chinese artists tried to emulate Western methods and create large oil paintings on Chinese historical or mythological events, they often expressed academic ideals of male beauty. This new aesthetic perspective was clearly adopted from the West's classical Greek and Roman ideals of male beauty and strength. Meanwhile, evidence for the new aesthetic in paintings produced in the traditional Chinese style, which were being influenced by Western and Japanese painting, may also be discerned. These images were widely distributed through the popular art of the time: posters, magazine illustrations, cartoons, and so on. The concurrent promotion of bodybuilding also served to assist the acceptance of Western ideals of male beauty in the early 20th century.