《crise》一詞於法國十八世紀文學中的意義

L'IDEE DE CRISE DANS LA LITTERATURE FRANÇAISE DU XVIIIe SIECLE

從希臘時期一直到十七世紀，《crise》的意義一直都是屬於醫學上的名詞，指的是病人在發病過程中的決定性的階段或在關鍵時刻的突然變化，經引申後具有「決定」，「判斷」之義。然而《crise》一詞於法國十八世紀文學中的意義卻是十分模糊，幾乎每個作家都賦與它不同的意義，因此在啟蒙時期這個字的意義是非常的多元而複雜。這一詞的當代意義則必須等到盧梭（Rousseau, 1712-1778）出現後方始確立。在本文中，筆者將分別從醫學的、心理學的、戲劇的、政治的及性學等五個角度去分析《crise》一詞於十八世紀文學中的用法及其特殊的歷史及思想史的意涵。

From the age of the Greeks until the end of the 17th century, the word « crisis » had always remained as a medical term indicating the phase, the critical moment, or the sudden change of situation of an ill person. Allusively, the medical vocabulary got one figurative meaning: to judge, to choose, or to decide. But the signification of the word « crisis » in the French literature of the 18th century was very equivocal: almost every writer of the time used it particularly in his own way. So the meaning of this word was polyphonic and complicated in the Age of Enlightenment. It didn't take its modem meaning until the works of Rousseau (1712-1778). This article attempts to inquire into the historical signification of the word « crisis » and its ideological meaning in the French literature of the 18th century from five perspectives: medical, psychological, dramatic, political and sexual.