從山林天籟、遊湖娛樂到悲歌懷古－－西湖題詠詩在唐宋元時期發展的三個階段

From the Mountain Forest and the Sounds of Nature, Lake-tour Entertainment, to Sad Songs Nostalgia-The Three Stages for the Development on West Lake Chants in Tong, Song, and Yuan Dynasties

西湖為中國著名的山水勝景，不僅擁有奇峻幽絕的山群林澗、浩淼遼闊的湖水、花木扶疏如煙，而且樓臺亭閣錯落，景點眾多，是一座引人入勝的天然的巨型公共園林。劉天華在《園林美學》中就說：「整個西湖及四周的群山本身就是一個大園林。」而且在這巨園之中還有不計其數的個別私家園林、寺觀園林以及官設的園區，可謂園中有園。可見其可資遊賞的景點內容非常豐富，是一個典型的園林群區。

West Lake, the famous nature scenic spot, made its debut as late as from mid-Tong Dynasty, and reached its toured peak in Song dynasty. During this period, the economic core and cultural heart shifted from the Central Plains to the South-East; furthermore, the southern Song moved her capital to Lin-An. Both made West Lake turned into the flourishing capital, from the so-called remote south-eastern site. In Yuan Dynasty, Hungchou was still a prospering city. However, due to the was and the perish of Song Dynasty, West Lake became the target of public censure. The changes of cultural position changed West Lake and those who came here a lot. This could be seen from the comparison among the chants and poems about West Lake in Tong, Song, and Yuan dynasties. From the evolution of the sounds and images we've seen, following the vicissitudes of the time and politic position, the culture got more and more involved in West Lake. The meanings of West Lake's nature body dissolved gradually into merely one decoration against the time background. Those who visited West Lake turned to lake-boating-andtouring, from the originally temple-visit, then again turned into circuit activities, entertainments, campaign, and luxurious business. There had been temporarily silent visit at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, but not very long after, it turned back to be noisy parties and entertainment site again. This turned West Lake, from a clean spiritual nature, into a vulgar city. The scholar-bureaucrat from mid-Tong and Northern Song always expressed their frustration for being exiled to the remote places along the West Lake. But the scholar-bureaucrat from Southern Song eulogized the piping times of peace. It shows that the changes of the cultural position differe the feelings of touring greatly. The wrestle of the power between nature and culture-politics in the scholar-bureaucrat's mind is quite delicate and interesting. From the surviving Southern Songians' poems on West Lake we've seen that, during the long-termed evolution of touring culture, the responding relationship between the cultural activities and nature was focused on the human's thoughts. Also the landscape of the scenic site was combined by the nature and the cultural activities. The scholars' chants and poems from Yuan Dynasty were not involved with personal feelings about their success and failure. Most of them mainly were nostalgia, and reviewed on the nature of time, human lives, and history. Among them, the politic and social meanings controlled by the different race contained. In general, the stage evolution of the content for chants and poems about West Lake not only showed the West Lake's history itself, but also contained lots of meanings of politics, culture, and society.