從《戰爭論》到《新歷史教科書》：試論日本當代民族主義的怨恨心態及其制度成因

From On War to the New History Textbook: Ressentiment and Its Institutional Constitutions in Contemporary Japanese Nationalism

1990年代起，日本出現了一波民族主義的熱潮，學界有人以「新民族主義」稱之。這波新民族主義以「負面情緒」與「負面訴求」為特徵，凸顯出過去對日本民族主義理解的不足，值得進一步分析。本研究採取Brubaker所倡導的制度論觀點，主張不應把日本當成一個具有高度同質血緣與文化的民族國家，而應考察日本國族是由哪些制度所形塑；而由全球觀點的制度論取向出發，本研究分析日本戰後美軍占領時期(1945-1952)所留下的制度遺緒，進而探討日本當代民族主義背後的怨恨心態與制度成因。占領時期的盟軍總部在「公民──領土」制度方面，留下了一部充滿爭議的「和平憲法」，而在「族群──文化」制度方面，則透過思想檢查、言論管制與教育改革等措施，留下了後來被稱為「東京裁判史觀」的遺緒。這兩項制度遺緒在日本社會中埋下了怨恨的種子，使許多日本人無法擺脫「非正常國家」的陰影，且自認日本在許多事情上是個無法與其他國家比擬的「例外」；而美國在制度改革上的不徹底，更使得戰前的右翼與保守派思想非但沒有消失，反而藉由怨恨所累積的心理能量在戰後滋生蔓延。本研究檢視1990年代以來新民族主義論述中的負面情緒與負面訴求，發現其中揉雜著反覆咀嚼的報復衝動與無能意識；而怨恨所導致的種種價值扭曲，使得民族主義者無法持平地看待事物與評價自我，歷史修正主義也應運而生。在分析的過程中，筆者也逐步揭示了一個或可稱為「重層怨恨」的情感結構，存在於東亞社會之間，值得進一步反省檢討。

Since the 1990s, there has emerged a tide of nationalism in Japan referred to as new or 'neo nationalism.' Characterized by resentful feelings and negative recourses such as historical revisionism, this tide of nationalism has exposed two shortcomings of previous understandings of Japanese nationalism that need further examination. Expanding on Rogers Brubaker's institutionalist approach, this study maintains that Japan should not be seen as a given nation-state constituted by highly homogeneous ethnicity and culture; rather, we should examine what kinds of institutions have constituted the Japanese nation since World War Two. In making this claim, this paper analyzes the causes of resentment in contemporary Japanese nationalism by investigating institutional legacies left by the U.S. authorities during the Occupation Period from 1945 to 1952. The United States left the so-called 'Peace Constitution' in civic-territorial institutions, on the one hand, and the so-called 'Tokyo Trial view of history' in ethnocultural institutions, on the other. These two institutional legacies planted seeds of resentment in Japanese society that, accompanied by the incompleteness and inconsistency of the Occupation reform, eventually fostered the growth of nationalism in the postwar era. In light of Max Scheler's theory of Ressentiment, this paper then analyzes the resentment behind the discourses made by contemporary nationalists. As resentment causes value-shifts and transvaluations, these nationalists can hardly judge things in fair terms; as a result, they tend to bear distorted views of history that eventually lead to historical revisionism. The analysis also unearths the structures of feeling that can be called 'multi-layered Ressentiment' in the East Asian region that deserve further examination in future studies.