天台宗當地化之探討──以呂格爾敘事哲學看智者大師《次第禪門》融攝之妙

A Study on the Localization of T iantai – Exploring the Elucidation of the Gradational Approach of the Perfection of Dhyānā by Chih-Chaz Master thr ough the Narrative Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur

哲學之敘事、指涉與詮釋在佛教天台宗智者大師的作品中佔有不可撼動的份量，只是鮮見以類似之角度反思的文章。本文於是不揣己愚企圖援引當代法國哲學家呂格爾（Paul Ricoeur, 1913-2005 A.D.）敘事哲學詮釋之論點，探討天台智者大師（538-597 A.D.）的文本《釋禪波羅蜜次第法門》一書指陳之詮釋方式。智者大師所採取之敘事目的，在在處處都突顯他對禪修的認識與介紹方式中融攝著大量的中國文化傳統，智者大師可能以其獨特的詮釋建構中國佛教當地化的修行觀。其實，智者大師可能融攝了原始佛教的《清淨道論》等禪觀實修法本，並運用其自身豐富的文化傳統與時間觀，重新形構其禪修藍圖，形塑出漢傳佛教後來的形貌，而呂格爾的敘事理論中之保持距離與融攝概念，適足以顯示出智者大師從文本到行動背後之用心。是以，本文且從呂格爾的敘事哲學思索智者大師將原始佛教禪修文本當地化的可能，而此融攝之妙正述說著印度佛教在中國當地化（localization）的轉化與會通樣貌。

Narrative, Reference, and Interpretation of philosophy play a very important part in the works of Buddhist Tiantai Chih-I Master. However, reflective papers with similar point of views are rare. This paper attempts to adopt the narrative philosophical interpretations of the contemporary French philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005 A.D.), and explore the ways of interpretation in the Elucidation of the Gradational Approach of the Perfection of Dhyānā by Chih-I Master (538-597 AD). The narrative purposes of Chih-I Master in every way highlights his understanding of meditation and a large number of Chinese cultural traditions fused in the way of introduction. It is likely that Chih-I Master constructed the local practice conception of Chinese Buddhism through his unique ways of interpretation. Actually, Chih-I Master may integrate the original Buddhist meditation practice Dharma books, such as Visuddhimagga. Also, he may make use of his rich cultural tradition and the concept of time to reshape the structure of meditation blueprint, and shape the countenance of Chinese Buddhism subsequently. And the concept of maintaining distance and fusing integration in Paul Ricoeur’s narrative theory is obvious enough to display the intention from text to action by Chih-I Master. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the potentiality of Chih-I Master’s localizing the original Buddhist meditation practice Dharma texts through the narrative philosophical interpretations of Ricoeur. And it’s just a phenomenon that this fusing integration also indicates the conversion and manifestation of blending of the localization of Indian Buddhism in China.