「哈迪斯」概念淺釋

An Analysis on the Concept of “Hadith”

哈迪斯（Hadith）文本的華語翻譯是近百年的事情，至近期才有完整譯本面世。華人以及華人穆斯林對於學者們常說的哈迪斯究竟何指，一般來說不是很清楚。傳統上，學者們把哈迪斯一詞翻譯為「聖訓」，即先知穆罕默德的言論。這種翻譯僅僅翻譯了該詞的一個層面，而哈迪斯一詞至少還包含著下面幾種意思，即：先知的行為、先知對於他的弟子們的言論和行為的默認，以及一些事情或者一些被傳遞的數量較大或者較小的信息當中的新東西。以上這些意思合起來被通稱為哈迪斯，前兩層意涵是就宗教的意義上而言的，後兩層意涵則是就語言學的角度而言的，可見把「哈迪斯」一詞簡單地翻譯成「聖訓」是有其問題。尤其是語言學意義上的「新生的」這層意涵對歷代穆斯林來說也非常重要，因為該意涵指的是穆斯林學者們可憑藉哈迪斯以及哈迪斯的精神來對自己所處時代的各種新事件做出新的解釋和演繹，聖門弟子對於哈迪斯的演繹，聖門弟子之後不同時代的哈迪斯學家、教義學家和法學家等等針對各自所處時代、地域和不同事件而對哈迪斯展開了不同的演繹就是最好的證明。正是基於對哈迪斯的傳統上華語誤譯的澄清，本文從語言學、人物學、學者們對於哈迪斯的不同解讀等，以及哈迪斯在當下穆斯林生活當中的現實意義等幾個方面來分析哈迪斯的重要性。

The translation of Hadith into Chinese started within the past hundred years. Due to the interruption of several political campaigns, it is only recently that the Chinese translation of the whole “Hadith” appeared. However, the meaning of Hadith is still quite obscure in the Chinese context. Chinese scholars have traditionally translated Hadith into Shengxun, which literally means the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings. But this only reflects one dimen-sion of the meaning of Hadith. In addition, Hadith also encompasses at least the following four meanings: the Prophet’s actions, the Prophet’s acquiescence to his disciples’ sayings and deeds, new things derived from certain events, or new things originated from some greater or smaller amount of transmitted information. Therefore, Hadith includes at least the above four layers of meanings, among which the former two are on religious sense, and the latter two are from a linguistic point of view. Translating Hadith simply into Shengxun is problematic. The linguistic meaning of Hadith as “new things” is especially important for Muslims because it allows Muslim scholars to make new interpretations and deduc-tions in response to new situations in their respective times based on the Hadith and the spirit of the Hadith. This is best evidenced by the various interpretations of Hadith by the Prophet’s disciples as well as the many Hadith scholars, theologists and jurists in different eras, regions and circumstances. This article aims to clarify the mistranslation of Hadith in Chinese texts by analyzing the meaning of Hadith from the linguistic and biographic points of view, the interpretations made by Orientalists and Muslim scholars, and the practical sig-nificance of Hadith in contemporary Muslim life.