葛洪《神仙傳》所建構之神聖空間及其進入之法式

The Religious Significance of Space Theory in Ge Hong’s Hagiographies of Immortals: With Emphasis on the “Sacred Space”

本文以「神聖空間」的概念試圖分析《神仙傳》中空間的建構原理，以及其中所闡發的人生態度和宗教意涵。已知葛洪認為凡人在經歷齋戒等自潔的程序後進入山中，一個廣義的神聖空間，方可得見仙人，於遇仙後無論是崇拜仙人、接受祕法，皆應視作宗教活動亦即祭祝儀式的進行，此過程雖未有主祭者亦無確認聖所的程序，卻可在仙人顯聖的當下標識出此地的神聖性，實已轉變了傳統信仰對神聖空間的標識方法及祭祀模式。除山中偶然的遇仙處外，葛洪又延展修煉所的概念去詮釋仙境，僅用仙物及其隔絕無仙骨與至誠凡俗的特質彰顯仙境的神聖，另在定義天界時則順從社會的集體意識，將其描繪成絕對超凡與神聖的他界，近乎神話中的樂園。葛洪於《神仙傳》中所建立的神聖空間，乃是有層遞地依照修煉所（或遇仙處）、仙境及天界的次序呈現，其神聖性亦依此次序逐漸增強，決定著不同層次的生命進入聖地的權力：天仙代表著絕對的神聖故不被劃限，地仙則被限囿於仙境和人間活動，唯仙人係屬自由的個體，天仙、地仙皆可掌控與來去允許進入的空間。至於世俗中人僅能在人間遊走並深受距離隔絕之苦，就當盡其可能接近仙人求取永生，在齋戒等程序後進入山林中尋得聖跡即神仙的接見，終獲永生的祕訣。可知葛洪視神仙為價值和道德的根源，除將舊有的祭祀地點更改為道士的修煉所外（仙傳中的遇仙處），也使祭祀的過程轉變成崇敬仙師的作為（仙傳中的得遇神仙），並提出在經驗世界中未能達到絕對的神聖境界─仙人、仙境及天界，用以擘畫道教理想亦是想像中的世界圖像。

This paper applied the concept of sacred space to analyze the interpretation of space in Ge Hong’s Hagiographies of Immortals, in order to expound and promote its philosophy of life and religious meaning. Ge Hong believed that to meet the immortals, an ordinary person must go through the abstinence before entering the mountain. After meeting the immortals, be it the worship of the immortals or receiving the secret of eternal life, they were all to be considered religious activities. Although there was no officiant, nor any pro-cedure to confirm the holiness of the space, it was considered a holy place the moment the immortals appeared. Thereupon he changed the traditional belief in the method of designat-ing the sacred space and the model of worship. Ge Hong further extended the concept of self-cultivation place to define the fairyland, followed the collective consciousness of the society and described the celestial realm as the absolute different holy realm. The sacred space thus established by Ge Hong were, in ascending order: the self-cultivation place, the fairyland and the celestial realm. Their degrees of holiness also increased according to this order and determined the power of different lives in entering the holy land: the immortals represented the absolute holiness with no restrictions, the earth-immortals could travel in both the fairyland and the world of mortals, the ordinary people could only move about in the world of mortals.