茅山道士陶弘景之養生思想探究

The Study of Mao-shan Taoist Tao Hongjing’s ‘Nurturing Life’ (yangsheng) Philosophy

台灣早在1993年即步入高齡化社會，根據內政部《人口政策白皮書》的預估統計，至2051年台灣的老年人口比例將達36.97%，屆時約每三個人中，就有一位65歲以上的老人。這樣一來，國民健康將會是首要面臨的問題，而國民老化也會帶來政府龐大的財政負擔，因此要如何健康老化而不要病態衰老，實在值得探究與深思。道教較為關注生命能否羽化成仙，這種希求的近程展現，乃取決於現實生活中能否延年益壽，以及對生命長度的延伸與質度的深化。尤其在量上的增長外，也須注重質上的要求，質量俱佳才能顯延年益壽的真義。本文試圖藉由梳理1500多年前茅山道士陶弘景所輯《養性延命錄》一書，窺探其養神煉形的養生思想。具體而言，筆者擬透過養生的涵義、養生的原則、養生的途徑、養生的方法、養生的禁忌、養生的功效等主題，來呈顯陶弘景的養生思想。進而瞭解其與現代生活及四季更迭相關的飲食保健，以及日常起居的養生原則和養生方法。並且闡揚其深契時人養生需求所須具備的智慧，以茲作為現代人養生的參考指南。倘能汲取陶弘景的養生智慧，活用其養生原則與功法，配合現代的時空環境，考量個別體質、年齡與性別等殊異，統整出屬於個己最適切的養生計畫；並將其推行於日常生活的食、衣、住、行、育、樂等各個層面之中，經由情志養生、飲食養生、穿衣養生、睡眠養生、運動養生、導引養生、行氣養生、按摩養生，以便健強體魄、長養慧命。則假以時日，延年益壽當不再僅為遙不可契的天方夜譚，而是指日可待的優質生命的彰顯。

Taiwan has moved to an aging society since 1993. According to the data published by Vitality and Statistics Bureau of Internal Affairs Ministry, the ration of elderly will reach 36.97% high before 2051. It means one third of population will be citizens more than age 65. Aging society will create a higher financial burden for our country in terms of health and insurance spending in the national budget. It will be a good subject to study how to be aging in a healthy way instead of unhealthy way. Taoist is one of philosophy approach in ancient China who was more focused on life transcendence and longevity. This article aims at getting some reference and principle from Yang Xing Yan Ming Lu 《養性延命錄》written by Mao-shan Taoist Tao Hongjing 陶弘景who lived around 1,500 years ago from present. By referring the important guidelines indicated by Tao about longevity, we may be able to derive some kind of plan for healthy aging which includes our daily living routine, massage and exercise, dieting recommendation for different physical characteristic and timing in a year.