顛狂的真相──《濟公全傳》所呈顯濟公「狂行勸喻」之思維模式及其社會意義

The Real Meaning behind a Lunatic Behavior — Based on the Complete Biography of the Monk Ji to Verify the Model of Thoughts and the Social Significance of His Using Insanity to Admonish People

本文以《濟公全傳》作為文本，考察是書所建立「狂行勸喻」的思維模式與其社會意義。見濟公實踐著不重形體、漠視錢財權位、與身為和尚卻又好食酒肉等作為，倒置及扭曲世人的價值判斷，破除視人世一切為真的普遍想法，並安排部份濟公看似反覆、不明事理的話語與行為，打斷人們既定思維的邏輯，以載寄佛教「空」觀的智慧，藉由少數例證，意圖暗示濟公其他未見深意的狂行，仍具有矛盾、不可說的禪意；惟在狂行後世人未能覺醒，便賴神通加以啟悟，在絕對力量的協助及映襯下，也證成狂行在啟悟與試鍊人性上的重要作用。由於《濟公全傳》採行了傳統信仰的偶像崇拜，配以甚具本土意識的「降龍羅漢」作濟公前身，又用民間甚為熟悉的佛教應驗錄筆法，以致頗與觀世音應驗相類；此書全然接受傳統的道德觀及報應觀，並將天理與佛理予以等同，視善惡報應乃天理（佛理）的展現，濟公身兼判決與施行報應的執法者，按照天理運行的內容施行各種報應，皆展現著中國習知的民間道德與信仰，對照著濟公以羅漢之尊親入濁世的說法，以社會底層丐僧的面目接濟民眾，無分階級地以游戲、詼諧甚而突兀的方式否定一切權勢價值（狂行），單純地肯定人性的良善（勸喻），密合了群眾對降世活佛的期待。故此書問世後受到民眾熱烈歡迎，所建立起的濟公形象，更成為後來濟公崇拜的主要依循內容。

Although the major contents of the Complete Biography of the Monk Ji is the creation of the author Guo Xiao Ting of Qing Dynasty, it created an unprecedented phenomenon in writing stories about Monk Ji in the years that followed and also laid the foudation of the basic image and behavioral model of Monk Ji. Based on the Complete Biography of the Monk Ji, this paper investigated the model of thoughts and the social significance of his using insanity to admonish people as established in this book. Monk Ji paid no attention to his physical appearance, despised the wealth and the power on earth. As a monk, he violated precepts in order to negate the judgment of value by common people and to eliminate the general perception that all things were real. Monk Ji’s seemingly unreasonable talk and behavior had the effect of breaking the process of thinking by reasoning. This action also carried the knowledge and discernment of “Asvabhava (without self-nature)” in Buddhism and implied Zen in his insanity. If people still could not become aware after experiencing Monk Ji’s lunatic behavior, he would then use his ubiquitous supernatural power to enlighten them. With the backing of the supernatural power, it proved that the lunatic behavior had an important function in enlightening and testing human nature. The Complete Biography of the Monk Ji adapted the traditional belief of idol worship, thus afforded Monk Ji the reincarnation of the “Dragon-subjugating Arhat” who had an indigenous consciousness. The text is in the form of prophetic response which is very similar to that of Kuan-yin. This book also accepted the traditional moral and retribution concepts, allowing Monk Ji to assume the role of both judge and executor and following the reason of Heaven to execute the retributions. As a venerable arhat, Monk Ji entered the human world to expound and advocate Buddhism, to reach common people as a begging monk of the lowest social status. He took a playful and comical, even abrupt approach and disregarded social classes to negate all power and value, affirmed only the virtue of human nature. Monk Ji thus met the popular expectation of the Buddha incarnate coming down to the world.