菩提樹與革命僧：清末民初僧人與革命之探討

Bodhi Tree and the Revolutionary Monks: A Study on Monks and Revolution during the Transitional Period of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

論析革命僧，除了在民族愛國的角度外，還需具備宗教佛法的角度，才能呈現革命僧的本懷，相對地也才能對之加以檢證。所以本文以參與辛亥革命的革命僧為主體，辛亥革命的時代為橫面，佛法為縱面，來綜合討論。先從參與辛亥革命的僧人中歸納出革命僧的定義，加以分為四類：1、組成僧軍者。2、發暗殺之論、欲行暗殺者。3、參與革命事務、發議論者。4、從辛亥革命到佛教改革，甚至人類思想改革者。介紹其革命行略，分析其革命與佛法的思考。另一方面，依革命僧的特性，上溯佛教二大典範：佛陀、菩薩之典範意涵。提舉菩薩三種典型：一切盡捨型、進取入世型、激烈犯戒型，以及所需具備的條件，尤其是激烈犯戒型的菩薩，處於絕險邊緣，所須具備的條件心態尤為重要。討論革命僧於佛法與革命間的貫通點：勇猛無畏、救度眾生為第一的菩薩精神。並從太虛經驗，呈現菩薩精神亦須修行經驗之支撐。最後將菩薩三種典型，來與革命僧對比參看，期望對革命僧在菩薩典型上有所檢驗與定位。

In order to discuss the revolutionary monks thoroughly, both their patriotism and Buddhist faith are essential. This study is based on those monks who devoted to the Revolution of 1911 (the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen which overthrew the Qing Dynasty); not only the era background would I discuss but also the spirit of Buddhism. I try to distinguish the revolutionary monks into four different kinds: first, those form the revolutionary monk soldiers. Second, those originate assassination statement and trying to be assassinators. Third, those get involved into the revolutionary affair and spread revolutionary statement. Fourth, those make efforts in the Revolution of 1911, the Buddhist Revolution even the Revolution of Human Thoughts. In addition, I notice that the characteristics of the revolutionary monks reflect two meaningful paragons of Buddhism: Buddha and Bodhisattva. As for Bodhisattva, there are three kinds: giving up all, concerning the worldly affair actively, and break the ceremonial laws of Buddhism radically. Especially the radical Bodhisattva, they are always being in danger so their attitudes are crucial important. Therefore, the revolutionary monks held the same attitude toward revolution and Buddhism that is courageous spirit for salvation. Take the example of Master Tai-xu; it conveys the Bodhisattva spirit is based on the practice of Buddhist teachings. Finally, I compare the three types of Bodhisattva to the revolutionary monks, hoping that the revolutionary monks could set a new example of Bodhisattva.