卜辭所見的巫者及其主要職事

The Shamans and Their Duties on the Oracle Inscriptions

本文試著追蹤考察殷虛卜辭中與巫相關的記載，並配合相關文獻資料，以重構上古時代的巫覡活動。進而發現：甲骨文中受到奉祀的「神巫」，原本應是處於世間的「人巫」。正是因為人巫具備出入星辰、調順季候、占卜降神、醫病療疾等巫術手段，所以才被當時人民奉若神明。於身歿以後，百姓感佩其德，崇之為神，故能「格于皇天」、「格于上帝」，進而著於史籍，入奉典祀，希望昇天的神巫能夠如同在人間一樣，保祐社稷、福澤百姓。古代巫者正是透過上述諸項職能，以溝通天人神民，宗教與知識兩者也因此緊密地結合於巫術儀式當中。

This paper intended to re-construct the shamans' activities in the Ancient China through the documents and the oracle inscriptions. As Shamans who did the good jobs, for example, auguring well or ill for someone or something, providing a success-ful remedy for the illness, forecasting the climate, they became the spirits greatly admired or adored, and were written on the historical documents. They were wor-shipped because people hoped the spirits can bring the welfare to them continuously. The ancient shamans' duties combine both the religion and the knowledge.