《易》學東西譯解同──德儒衛禮賢《易經》翻譯綜論

The Similarity of Translation and Interpretation about Yi-jing between the East and the West─The Synthetic Discussion of Richard Wilhelm's Yi-jing Translation

西方《易》學與漢學（Sinology）發展密不可分。自16 世紀開始，在耶穌會（SocietasIesu, Society of Jesus）傳教士穿針引線之下，漢學家對《易經》的翻譯與研究興趣，因此持續不絕。其中，德國衛禮賢（Richard Wilhelm, 1873-1930）翻譯先秦儒、道主要經典，發現《易經》的特殊地位與哲學作用，從而進行深入研究，並請教當時中國知名學者勞乃宣（1844-1927）與胡適（1891-1962）等人，完成第一部德文《易經》的翻譯，此部譯本被稱為「西方《易》學史上的《新約全書》」。衛理賢譯筆「簡明」（concise）、「自由」（free）、「想像」（imaginative），是西方公認最準確無誤的譯本，比英國理雅各（James Legge, 1815-1897）的英譯本更能把握《易經》的原義。此外，衛禮賢十分重視《周易‧繫辭傳》人生哲學，認為「窮則變，變則通，通則久」的觀念是人類文明中極高的理念；並利用《易經》八卦及六十四卦的道理，探討宇宙的本源與人群社會中的種種問題，成為《易》學「實用派」創始人，與理雅各「文本派」分庭抗禮。其子衛德明（Hellmut Wilhelm, 1905-1990）與貝恩斯（Cary F. Baynes）合譯出刊衛禮賢《易經》英文版，貝恩斯又把衛德明《變化：易經八講》（Changes, Eight Lectures on the I Ching）翻譯英文在美國出版，這兩本英文譯著直接推動美國《易》學研究快速起飛，也使衛禮賢所代表的「實用派」《易》學得到更多的發展。

The western Yi-jing-ology and the development of sinology have the close relationship. Since 16 th century, the sinologists paid the intention and interest to translate and research Yi-jing by the Society of Jesus. Especilly, Richard Wilhelm (1873-1930) in Germany translated the major canons of Confucianism and Taoism and found the special location and philosophical effect of Yi-jing. Richard Wilhelm began to study deeply and consulted to the famous scholars, Lao Nai-Xuan (勞乃宣, 1844-1927) and Hu Shi (胡適, 1891-1962). Then Richard Wilhelm finished the first German translation of Yi-jing. Richard Wilhelm's Yi-jing translation had the concise, free and imaginative characteristics. Therefore, Richard Wilhelm's Yi-jing translation version had so-called the New Testament of the history of western Yi-jing-ology. Besides, Richard Wilhelm's Yi-jing translation was better than English translation version of James Legge (1815-1897). Richard Wilhelm was much to value the life philosophy and attached importance to the idea of human-being civilization in Yi-jing. So Richard Wilhelm became the founder of the School of Pragmatism, it was different from the School of Text of James Legge. Richard Wilhelm also used the truth of Yi-jing to investigate the issues of the cosmos origin and human society. Richard Wilhelm's son, Hellmut Wilhelm (1905-1990) and Cary F. Baynes (1883-1977) cooperated to translate Richard Wilhelm's German version and other writings into English version. Hellmut Wilhelm and Cary F. Baynes' English versions had directly influenced the development of American Yi-jing-ology. Consequently, the Yi-jing-ology of Richard Wilhelm's School of Pragmatism had gained the more and better advancement in the world of Yi-jing-ology.