「廬」字篆刻用字的探討

『The research in the use of the seal character 「廬cottage」.』

篆刻是中國的一種將書法、文字、和雕刻相結合的藝術，是由古代的印章發展而來的藝術。中國的印章已有悠久的歷史發展，其發展初期以實用性取向，是作為一種徵信的物件，更擴大為權力的表徵，後來在實用功能之外更注重其藝術性的價值，進而發展成以美的欣賞為主的藝術門類。篆刻既是中國文字和雕刻技術相結合的的美學藝術，可說是一種文字的藝術表現。而其表現主體是以文字為主，因此，文字的正確使用是篆刻創作的第一要事。篆刻家的創意巧思也是表現在文字的安排佈局之上，如何將篆隸各體妥貼的佈置在同一印面之中，也成為篆刻家們努力之處。關於文字的佈局，印學理論家們也有不同的意見。單一種字體的入印不是討論的焦點，主要的意見表現在是否能將不同的字體同時放置在同一印面上。除了不向字體的大小篆文字能否相互借用、並布置於同一印面的問題之外，不同字體是否能更進一步融裁於一字之中？關於這點，歷來印學家也有著不盡相同的意見。除此之外，對於篆刻文字是否正確使用，文字學者與篆刻藝術創作者，往往有著不同的觀點。文字學者馬衡在《談刻印》一文中，就曾提及「往見吳昌碩刻印有一廬字，系仿先秦古璽者，其字則採自《禮器碑》碑側。漢隸從虍之字往往書作虍，與雨頭無別，在漢印中常見。此又變作田，成為皿上二田，則為別體。若為好奇而作謬篆，尚無不可。今吳氏寫作古文，則不無好奇之過。」關於這個問題，就牽涉到篆刻創作用字與歷代文字的關係，也可看出文字學者與篆刻家不同的看法和立場。本文針對文字學者馬衡提出對吳昌碩篆刻作品中「廬」字用法的質疑，作為探討的起點，將「廬」字的各種文字演變型態以及在書法、篆刻創作上的表現型態，列舉出來，呈現出「廬」字的發展演變情形；另外再分別說明文字學者與篆刻家兩者對於篆刻文字用法的不同觀點，並將歷代印論中有關篆刻用字的一些看法加以分析研究，期盼能釐清出篆刻用字的合理原則。

Seal carving, developed from ancient seals, is a combined art of Chinese calligraphy, etymology and carving. Long in the primary period, Chinese seals were used for practical purpose as a matter of verification and then to be the symbol of authority. Afterwards, they are emphasized in the value of art and developed to be the subject of beauty appreciation. As the combination of Chinese characters and carving techniques, the chief part of the seal carving is the Chinese characters. It is most important to use the characters properly. The seal carvers showed their creativities and did their best to arrange the different kinds of characters on a single seal. Concerning the arrangements of the characters, seal theorists differed mainly in whether to put different styles of writing together on a seal, and can different strokes be used in just a single word? So did the etymologists and seal artists differ in the correctly use of seal characters. The article begins with the character「廬cottage」, which etymologist MA Herng issued his suspicion against Wu Chang-shuon of its use. I hereby issue the developing circumstance of 「廬」 by enumerating all the kinds of its character developments and its styles in calligraphy and seal creation. Furthermore, I'd talk about the different opinions of etymologists and seal carvers in the use of sea l characters . I'd a l so analyze the opinions of the articles in the past and try to find out the reasonable principles in the use of seal characters.