試析淪陷前南京的城市公園規劃及其落實（1900-1937）

The Analysis of the Planning and Implementation of Nanjing City Park, 1900-1937

國民政府奠都南京之後，進行了大規模的首都建設，其中公園作為城市現代化的標誌之一也被給予相當關注，在1927年至1937年間曾出現了若干種公園規劃，以《首都計畫》中的「公園及林蔭大道」最為完善，另外還有小公園系統、森林公園等等規劃。以蔣介石為代表的國民政府高層以及以劉紀文、何民魂等代表的南京市政府領導人都支持公園規劃與建設，但是最終，很多規劃並未落到實處。市政府專門成立了現代化的市政管理機構─公園管理處，但卻由於人事更動頻繁，使政策難以持續，而且公園建設還面臨著首都各項建設普遍會遇到的一個大問題─經費支絀，這使公園規劃方案不少，卻巧婦難為無米之炊。大家都知道公園建設的困難，卻還積極提出各種規劃，原因也頗值得深思，從表面上看，是為了美化首都環境，為市民提供良好生活環境；從深層次來看，首都是一種政治資源，國民黨政府利用控制首都建設，來樹立自身孫中山合法繼承者的地位，鞏固通知權威，並由此引導民眾進行國族認同，實際上也是應對列強環伺、試圖擺脫落後愚昧形象的努力。

National government started a large scale capital construction after setting Nanjing as its capital. As one of urban modernization symbols, park has been given considerable attention too. From 1927 to 1937 there had been kinds of park planning. 'Parks and boulevards' in 'The Plan of Capital' is the most improved. Besides, small park system and forest park planning are also proposed. The national government officials represented by Chiang Kai Shek, and leaders of Nanjing municipal government represented by Liu Ji Wen and He Min Hun are all supporting the planning but many plans were not implemented at last. Nanjing municipal government even set up a modern municipal management department: the Park Management Department for the job but still, the construction didn't sustain long because of the frequent personnel changes in the department. Meanwhile, they were facing a serious issue that most capital construction might commonly have: lack of fund. Thus many plans been put in dilemma. Everybody knows the difficulties of park construction. However, they still actively put forward a variety of plans. The reason is quite worth pondering. On one hand, they intended beautifying the capital, providing a better living environment. On the other hand, capital is a kind of political resources, by controlling the capital constructions, Nationalist Party Government intended to establish their legal successors of Sun Yat Sen, enhance the ruling authority and guide the public through national identiy. Actually, it was an effort on trying to get rid of ignorant image in the circumstance that surrounded by the great powers.