試論元代官方史學的兩重體制

Analysis on the Dual System for Compiling Official History in the Yuan Dynasty

元代官方史學實行的是一套兩重修史體制。本文首先分析了產生官方史學兩重體制的政治背景，主要是元代政治的二元體制。其次本文具體分析元代官方史學的兩條線索。在蒙古史學傳統下，元代仍然由必闍赤記錄大汗言行，而且元代歷朝都在進行《脫卜赤顏》的纂修。在中原王朝史學傳統下，元代設立了起居注和翰林國史院，並且還進行時政記、實錄、前朝史、典制書和方志書等的編纂。元代官方史學的兩重體制，使其在中國古代官方史學的發展中獨具特色。

This paper studies the two systems for the compiling of official history that existed in the Yuan dynasty. The Yuan dynasty’s dual political system was the reason for this dual compiling system. In the first system, the Yuan Palace continued the Mongolian tradition of compiling history by setting up an official entitled Bishechi 必闍赤, who had the responsibility of recording the emperors’ words and deeds and compiling the history book Tuobuchiyan 脫卜赤顏. In the second system, the Yuan followed the Chinese tradition in setting up Qijuzhu 起居注 and Guoshiyuan 國史院 to compile records of political happenings, books of the Emperors’ daily activities, histories of previous dynasties, books on political systems, and local chronicles. Because of this dual system for compiling history, the official history of the Yuan dynasty is unique among official histories from ancient China.