明代豫東黃泛區驛路發展與城鎮體系——以開封府為主的探討

The Formation of Post Roads and Town System in Yellow River Flood Area in the Eastern Plain in Honan during the Ming Dynasty: Focus on the Administrative District of Kai-feng Fu

明代黃河主要流勢為南徙奪淮，豫東平原成為黃河主要泛濫地區之一，此災害特性對於平原中具有長期歷史文化基礎的開封地區帶來之影響，值得探討。本文以區域交通路線與城鎮體系之發展特性作為切入點，探討明代在延續元代以來政治重心東移、牽引驛路走向的空間結構下，以開封府轄域為中心的豫東平原驛路如何受黃河泛濫及人為控制河患策略的影響而變動，因而影響城鎮之間的連結關係與商業活動發展，在空間呈現特有的城鎮分布模式。平原地帶的水路運輸固然為最快速與經濟的運輸方式，然在明代黃河南泛所及豫東平原之渦、潁流域沖積扇範圍內，因黃河泛濫遷徙不定，水運一般須與陸運交通相互配合，尤其河患對生產環境造成難以平復的影響，黃泛區內河川普遍因淤沙而不時水漲泛溢，影響交通往來途徑，沿途驛站因而多有裁撤變動，地區商業活動發展亦受限。具水陸轉運功能的城鎮，待其所在區域河患相對其他城鎮為平息時，適得以充分發揮其區位效應，並成為外地商人設置會館作為商業據點之地。在河水泛濫影響交通往來途徑的環境因素作用下，明代豫東黃泛區城鎮體系之構成與變動消長實有跡可循。

The main stream of the Yellow River swayed southward during the Ming Dynasty, which caused flood-prone environment in the Eastern Plain in Honan, and the administrative district of Kai-feng Fu was involved. This paper focuses on the characteristics of the regional transport routes and town system in the administrative district of Kai-feng Fu during the Ming Dynasty, to explore how flood factor and the official disaster prevention policy dominated the directions of the post roads, so as to form the specific spatial pattern of town system. River transportation in plain area is usually a faster and more economical way for transporting goods, but Yellow River floods flowed repeatedly into Guo River and Ying River down the alluvial fan of the Eastern Plain in Honan during the Ming Dynasty, therefore river transportation must coordinate with land transportation; furthermore, the floods caused great impacts on agriculture production, and the sediments spread to the rivers in the plain lastingly affected the traffic routes, and than many stops down the post roads were dismissed. All the processes started from Yellow River floods resulted in the limited development of regional business activities and town system. Until flood risk reduced relatively, the towns with the function of river and land transportation could reveal their location effects. Considering flood as a significant factor that dominated regional landscape in Yellow River Flood Area, the formation and change of the post roads and the spatial pattern of town system in the Eastern Plain in Honan during the Ming Dynasty almost can show one aspect of the fact.