大陸「地票」交易的法律規制

Legal Regulations on Land Ticket Transaction in Mainland China

地票交易就是將農村集體建設用地（包括宅基地及附屬設施用地、鄉鎮企業用地、農村公共設施用地和農村公益事業用地等）複墾為農用地，經土地管理部門驗收合格後產生的建設用地指標在農村土地交易所進行交易。它是一種虛擬的土地使用權交易，為滿足城鎮建設用地指標的不足，將城鎮建設用地增加與農村建設用地減少掛鉤以求達到耕地總量不變，耕地占補平衡，確保糧食安全的前提下，緩解建設用地供需矛盾。新型城鎮化進程的提速將加劇城鄉建設用地的供需矛盾，其解決要依靠科學統籌城鄉土地資源配置，走制度創新的道路，大陸「地票」交易制度就是在順應這一迫切形勢需求的背景下產生的新型土地流轉制度。重慶率先開創了地票交易的模式。「地票」交易制度與農民土地權利緊密相連，在其運行過程中暴露出在農民權利保護方面存在很多問題，應針對地票交易制度中的農民的複墾權、複墾耕地品質、農民的自由交易權、農民的收益分配權等方面加強法律制。

The land ticket transaction is the rural collective construction land (including land and ancillary facilities land, township enterprises land, rural public facilities and public welfare undertakings in rural areas land) reclamation for agricultural land, construction land targets generated by the land administration department after passing the acceptance of the transactions in the rural land exchange. It is a kind of virtual land use right transaction, to meet with deficiencies of indicators of urban construction, the urban construction land increase and rural construction land to reduce the hook in order to achieve the total cultivated land unchanged, balance of arable land, the premise of ensuring food security, ease the contradiction between supply and demand of construction land. Speed of new urbanization will aggravate the contradiction between supply and demand of land for urban and rural construction, the solution must rely on urban and rural land resource allocation, system innovation, “land ticket” trading system is the new system of land transfer complying with this urgent demand. Chongqing pioneered the land ticket trade mode. The land ticket trading system is closely linked to the farmers’ land rights. During its operation process exposed many problems exist in the aspects of farmers’ rights protection, We should strengthening the legal regulation in land re-cultivation right, right of income distribution, right of cultivated land quality, free trading rights of farmers.