試論陶淵明隱逸的倫理世界

On the Ethical World of Tao Yuanming's Hermitage

人的主體性人格與社會性人倫具有本質性的聯繫，人恆常處於兩者的拉鋸狀態下，合乎自然的倫理如何可能？實為亙古的課題。而倫理與自然的離合在魏晉時期便呈現在名教與自然的爭議中，這也投射出儒家與道家的理想是否可能融合的文化問題。陶淵明身為「古今隱逸詩人之宗」，對於此一時代使命顯然有其深刻的體察，故在詩文中所開顯的隱逸倫理，含括由親族人倫、社會國家，以至歷史風土的層層對話，並由此建立其主體意識。同時，陶淵明也結合其對人間倫理的關懷、對政治社會的批判，進而形構出獨具一格的政治理想，使「桃花源」的象徵深植於中國人的心靈底層。本文即從陶淵明的隱逸實踐中，對家族倫理的安頓、階級流動的安然、社會情境的回應、歷史定位的反思、理想政治的建構、風土自然的融入，層層推展出陶淵明所體現的倫理世界。

The complex relationship between ethics and nature has appeared in the debates about Confucian ethical codes and 'Nature' during the Wei-Jin period, which was also projected onto a cultural question about whether the ideals of Confucianism and those of Taoism could be reconciled. As the founding figure of 'eremitic poets,' Tao Yuanming 陶淵明 was profoundly aware of the epochal mission. Therefore, his writings opened up a hermetic ethics which covered a layered dialogue between the issues of kinship ethics, society and state, and history and Fudo 風土, as well as establishing a unique sense of subjectivity. Meanwhile, Tao combined his concerns of human relationships and critique of socio-politics to build a distinct political ideal which led to the emblem of 'The Peach Blossom Spring,' deeply entrenched in the Chinese mind. This essay attempts to explore step by step Tao Yuanming's ethical world as embodied in his eremitic practices, his settling of familial ethics, his resignation in class mobility, responses to social situations, reflections on historical positions, establishment of an ideal politics, and emersion into the nature of Fudo.