漢法新字詞創造之對比分析 ：以化學元素名詞為例

Comparative Analysis of Creating the New Words： the Names of Chemical Elements in French and Chinese

西方化學自十八世紀起已從中古世紀的煉金術蛻變成嚴謹的科學。而現代化學則是從十九世紀引進中國。隨著十九、二十世紀西方科學的迅速進步與發展， 新字詞的創造勢在必行，尤其是在科學專業術語上，化學元素名詞就是其中之一。這些化學元素名詞， 除了古代即發現的元素，各國語言皆沿用本身既有名稱外， 皆需以國際統一規定的名稱為範本並按照自身語言之語音、文字形式和語意等方面的規則創造新字詞。本文以國際純粹與應用化學聯合會（Union International de Chimie Pure etAppliquée）2010 年國際公認的112 個化學元素名詞為基礎，漢語部分以構詞學（morphologie） 和詞義學（sémantique）角度出發，分析漢語新字詞命名的組成方法 ； 而法語部分則以辭源學 （étymologie）與馬蒂內• 安德烈（André Martinet）的功能主義（fonctionnalisme）為基礎，解釋法語新詞來源、詞意和構詞方式。

In the 18th century, because of Lavoisier’s discovery about the role oxygen plays in combustion, the chemistry became a true science. Since the 19th century, as science and technology progress increasingly, we are in need of naming the new notions and the new discoveries. So, in the field of the chemistry, a lot of the new words were created, in particular the names of the chemical elements discovered since the 18th century. For the elements known prior to 1700, French keeps using the usual names, like Chinese and many other languages. Based on 112 chemical elements, in Chinese language, we shall analyze the different morphological and semantic processes of creating the new characters. In French language, as we know that the scientific terminology in the European languages comes frequently from Greek or Latin roots, it is necessary to begin by studying the origin, the form and the meaning of the names of chemical elements； then, based on André Martinet’s functionalist approach, we shall try to identify the principal types of word-formation according to the nature of morphemes.