DNA鑑定科技與發現真相、避免冤獄和人權保障 之關連性研究

Correlations Research on DNA Forensic Technology and Truth Finding, Avoidance of Justice Miscarriage and Protection of Human Rights

本文從國內外第一件因為DNA鑑定，判定無罪的平冤案件，探討司法人員對DNA鑑識的過度信賴、認識不清，加上再審、再鑑定的制度缺失，導致冤案的問題。由冤假錯案的定義、『昭雪專案』的成果，進一步討論、分析冤案成因。參考美國因應『昭雪專案』的省思，制訂『定讞後的DNA鑑定』；為強化鑑識科學，成立『鑑識科學標準委員會』，供國人參考。另討論鑑識科技發展與發現真相、避免冤獄和人權保障等議題彼此的關連。結論提出省思與三點建議如下：一、強化司法人員的鑑識科學教育；二、高等法院、高檢署，應從『無罪』的思維審案；三、證物再鑑定、專家證人與鑑識科學標準委員會制度的建立。鑑古知今，吸取這些DNA協助平反冤案的寶貴經驗，檢討缺失，避免重蹈覆轍，以達案例教育的目標。

From the very first case of domestic and foreign ones that due to DNA identification a miscarriage of justice was reversed by determination of innocence this research discuss judicial officers’ excessive reliance on DNA forensics, misunderstandings and retrial system deficiencies, leading to problems of injustice cases. By definition of miscarriages of justice and outcomes of the “Innocence (Zhao-Xue) Project”, furthermore, we discuss and analyze the causes of miscarriages of justice. There are ready for our citizens’ awareness with references to the implementation of the project in the United States where US government has designed “Post-conviction DNA Access Statues”, strengthened forensic science and founded a “Forensic Science Standards Board (FSSB)”. Moreover, we explore connections among issues about familiarization of development on forensic science and technology, finding truths, avoiding miscarriages of justice and protection of human rights. Finally, introspection and three recommendations are as follows: 1) strengthening judiciary forensic science education; 2) “not guilty” thinking and judging in the High Court and High Prosecutor's Office; 3) establishing a system for forensic identification of trial evidences, an expert witness system and FSSB. Learning from the past we propose that based on those DNA vindications of valuable experiences, we should review the mis-judgement to avoid mistakes for achieving the goals of educational case studies.