唐代五臺山巡禮道考述

Investigation of Pilgrim Path to Wu Tai Shan in Tang Dynasty

五臺山在北朝時期屬地區信仰中心，中唐以後五臺山逐漸由「勝地」發展為佛教「聖地」，而巡禮朝聖則成為此一聖地信仰的實踐方式。本文考察唐人入五臺山之路線，主要有東、西、北三路。東路由河北真定一帶，沿滹陀河，經龍泉關，西進五臺山；或由定縣至曲陽、龍泉關入五臺山。西路入五臺山之路線則匯集到太原，而取道太原前則有諸多路線。北路一為沿拒馬河進河北涞源、驛馬嶺，經山西平型關、繁峙縣入五臺山；一為從雁北地區南下雁門、代縣入五臺山。進入五臺山後，在山中的巡禮路線，初唐時期由於中臺、北臺、西臺距離較近，開發較早，入山巡禮者往往接連巡禮三臺；南臺與東臺則人罕經至。隨著巡禮風氣漸盛，五臺山區的建設與交通漸有改善，南臺與東臺亦漸有人跡。至中唐時，各臺之間交通改善，並設有提供住宿的普通院，反映出巡禮風氣之盛。

Wu Tai Shan is the belief center of the region in Northern Dynasty. After middle age in Tang Dynasty, it gradually developed from “scenic spot” to “Holy place”. Hence, pilgrimage became a way of practicing this holy place belief. This article investigates the path to Wu Tai Shan by people in Tang Dynasty. The main roads can be divided into East, West and North ways. The East way is going from the area in Zhen Ding of Hebei, passing through Longquang Guan and finally towards Wu Tan Shan along with Hutuo River, or going from Ding County to Quyang and Longquang Guan, then entering into Wu Tai Shan. The path of West way is gathering to Tai Yuan, and there are many routes before going to Tai Yuan. One of North way is entering Lai Yuan of Hebei, Yi Ma Ling and then passing through Pingxing Guan of Shanxi and Fan Zhi County to Wu Tai Shan along with Ju Ma River. Another way of North Way is from Yanbei area down the south to Yannan and Dai County to Wu Tai Shan. After entering inside Wu Tai Shan, pilgrims usually travelled around the middle, north and west parts of Wu Tai Shan because these paths are shorter in distances and they were developed first during early Tang Dynasty, while south part and east part of Wu Tai Shan were rarely called upon. With the popularity of pilgrimage, some people also called upon south and east parts of Wu Tai Shan due to completes of capital construction and transportation in the Mountain. Until the middle of Tang Dynasty, the transportation was much improved between each part of Wu Tai Shan and Normal Temples were established to offer accommodation. All these phenomenon reflects the popularity of pilgrimage.