「武國」的儒學——「文」在江戶前期的形象變化與其發展

The Confucianism of Bukoku: On the Changing Image, Publication and Study of Civil Culture in the Early Edo Period

本文企圖從「武國」與「文」的視角重構江戶儒學史。首先，本文檢討了在重「武」的日本，從「文章經國」到「文武兩道」思惟的興起等「文」之形象的變化過程，主張江戶初期的武士們所擁有的「文武兩道」思惟是使江戶儒學得以發展的媒介，同時，江戶儒學的發展亦改變了武士對「文武兩道」的理解。再者，本文討論從朝鮮與明代中國輸入的漢文書籍（「文」之物質形態）與江戶儒學的發展的關聯，及論述江戶儒者參與和刻本之製作與出版的過程。又，本文從東亞漢文學史的觀點說明「文」（漢詩文、儒學）的翻譯、修辭與江戶儒學之發展的關聯。總之，本文除針對荻生徂徠之前的江戶前期儒學，在現今日本的江戶思想史研究基礎上，從社會史、出版文化史的角度來說明江戶儒學得以成長的原因外，更要從「文」的書寫所牽涉到的翻譯、修辭等問題來整體地思考江戶儒學之特質，並以之為重構江戶儒學史的第一步。

This paper aims to reconstruct the history of Confucianism in early Edo period Japan from the perspectives of the concepts of bukoku (武國 martial country) and wen (文 civil culture). First, I review the idea of bunbu ryōdō (文武兩道 martial and civil arts) in order to illustrate how the changing image of civil culture affected the development of Confucianism in the Edo period. Second, I argue that the import of books and records written in Chinese from Joseon dynasty Korea and Ming dynasty China became the key driving force behind the development of Confucianism in the Edo period. Furthermore, I discuss the process of the publication of these books and records and how this helped Confucian scholars develop civil culture. Last, but not least, I explore the connections between the translation of civil culture, the rhetorical theories of Edo Confucian scholars, particularly Itō Jinsai 伊藤仁齋 and Ogyū Sorai 荻生徂徠, and the development of Confucianism in the early Edo period. By doing so, I assert that civil culture was an important factor in the development of Confucianism in samurai-ruled Japan.