群體的選擇――清初詞學復興原因考論

The Choices Made by Poetry Groups: An investigation of the Reasons for the Early Qing Resurgence of Ci Poetry

本文旨在爬梳前人對清詞中興的說法，立足於分析現有研究成果，反省政治環境對詞之影響的說法，嘗試說明文學雖有反映現實之潛在可能，但並非政治附庸便能解釋。若檢視清初三大案，將發現此為清廷針對明代以降科舉、經濟、海防三方面弊病的反撥，屬整體政策而非針對江南，假使獨重一地，則何來「復興」之說。其次，從明末結社風氣出發，透過交遊關係，奠定詞人群體互動的網絡與拈出群體內部在政治以外的選擇，發現詞作往來唱和成為群體結社活動中重要的載體，與早期唐五代詞傳播於酒筵歌席之間相仿，在密集地聚會酬答過程掀起創作的風氣，作品量的大幅增加亦為復興之證據。最後，從推進文學的角度出發，具體討論聚合的詞人群體透過選集、評點、唱和等詞學活動，梳理結社活動在易代之際由政治轉向文學的痕跡。指陳在貳臣、遺民、新貴彼此的激盪中，清代詞壇呈現出跨身分、跨地域的面貌，藉由理論與創作之豐沛成果，點出影響文學發展之動因甚多，而「群體」之選擇較諸政治、經濟等因素，可能更為顯著。

Based on an analysis of existing research, this paper aims to clarify Past scholarly opinion on the reasons behind the Qing resurgence in ci 詞 writing. Reflecting on what has been written about the influence of the political environment on literature, I attempt to explain why, although literature can potentially he a response to political realities, it would be inadequate to say it is merely a vassal of politics. Examining three famous incidents that occurred in the early Qing, we find that these examples of the Qing court's attempts to tackle the maladies of the imperial examinations, the economy, and coastal defense that it had inherited from the Ming, were in fact a reflection of general government policy, and not targeted specifically at the Jiangnan 江南 area; if it were just Jiangnan that had been singled out, then why refer to a general ”resurgence” in ci poetry? Secondly, the forming of literary friendships in the late Ming established a network of ci poetry groups, indicating the extra-political choices made within such groups, and we find that exchanges of poetry became an important vehicle for forming associations. These exchanges facilitated the propagation of ci in a similar manner to banquets held during the Tang and Five Dynasties periods, where the practice of exchanging poems at these crowded gatherings fostered a creative atmosphere. The large increase in the quantity of works generated by these activities also stands as proof of the resurgence. Finally, this paper specifically discusses the formation of ci writers' groups around literary activities such as anthologies, critiques and poetry exchanges, examining the evidence for a shift in the focus of such activities from politics to literature around the time of the dynastic change. In the interplay between so-called turncoat officials, Ming loyalists, and new aristocrats, Qing dynasty ci circles appeared to cross boundaries of identity and region, and the proliferation of theories and works signify a large number of motivating factors influencing the development of literature; however, the choices made by such poetry groups were perhaps even more significant than the various political and economic factors.