產業集聚與城市區位鞏固：徽州茶務都會屯溪發展史（1577-1949）

Industrial Cores and Urbanization: The Tea Industry in Tunxi, Huizhou, 1577-1949

本文回顧了徽州新安江流域茶業中心城市屯溪的崛起與發展歷程。明代弘治年間，屯溪還只是一個小小的街市。明代後期，源自休寧的松蘿茶帶動了休寧茶業的興盛，屯溪作為縣內水路中樞，成為政府茶葉引票管理機關巡檢司的駐地，而當時位於屯溪下游的歙縣茶產，一般並不過境屯溪。十八世紀以後，廣州外銷興起，在政府一口通商政策的背景下，下游的茶產也逆流過境屯溪轉運廣州，從而推動屯溪的進一步發展。茶業周邊產業隨之大量集聚，更加鞏固了屯溪的茶業中心地位。1842年上海開埠之後，即便下游茶產可以直接運往上海，屯溪以其產業服務優勢，依然吸引了下游茶產逆流而上至屯溪精製，再集中轉運上海。同時，產業移民的集中也進一步推動了屯溪生活服務產業的繁榮和城區的擴大。統觀屯溪的發展歷程，最初的崛起乃基於其所處的腹地交通中心地位，然而隨著屯溪實力的增強，輻射面的擴大，其實在位置日益偏離新的腹地中心，但已有的產業基礎繼續鞏固加強著屯溪的城市區位。這一經驗表明，經濟的空間布局中同樣存在著與制度演進相似的「路徑依賴」現象。1929年遭土匪洗劫焚毀的屯溪，在三年之內迅速恢復，這一事件作為屯溪城市發展史的濃縮版，不啻為以上結論提供又一有力證據。

The development of Tunxi, originally a small market town in the Xin'anjiang River valley in Huizhou, into a center of the tea industry began in the Hongzhi Reign (1488-1505) of the Ming Dynasty. The local tea industry took off with the development of Songluo tea from Xiuning. Tunxi, as a waterway hub, became the seat of Xunjiansi, a government agency operating chayin, or licensing of the tea trade. Tea produced downstream in Shexian generally did not pass through Tunxi, but with the channeling of the foreign tea trade through Guangzhou in the eighteenth century, all area teas were first gathered in Tunxi before transshipment to Guangzhou. Related industries boomed, such as tea tin, wooden box, bamboo basket and financial products, attracting a large number of immigrants from Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces. The centralization of related industries consolidated Tunxi's geographical advantage. Even after Shanghai was opened as treaty port and tea produced in the lower reaches could have been directly shipped there, it was still shipped upstream to Tunxi for refinement. The successful development of Tunxi demonstrates path dependence in economic geographic distribution and institutional formation.