元代三皇廟與宋金元醫學發展

Yuan Dynasty Temples of the Three Progenitors and the Development of Chinese Medicine during the Song, Jin, and Yuan

晉朝皇甫謐在《帝王世紀》確立伏羲、神農、黃帝為三皇，也是醫學始祖。及至元代，元廷鼓吹在地方上建立三皇廟，將醫學教育和廟制合一，是元代醫學教育一大特點。學者對三皇名稱，以及元人對醫者獨享三皇奉祀的爭論，已有所分析。但是，仍有兩個問題沒有清楚的解說。首先，元廷設立三皇廟的原意為何？其次，三皇廟傳播什麼醫學知識？本文認為元廷最初奉祀三皇與儒者為元代尋求治統有密切關係，以三皇作為治統的開端。金代醫者劉完素推尊伏羲為運氣學說始祖，三皇留下三墳是醫學知識的根源。本文藉由元代醫者如何上接金代醫者，以及伏羲被推尊為醫學始祖的因由，理解元廷採納《聖濟總錄》及推廣運氣學說，與三皇廟的種種關係。

In his book, Diwang shiji (帝王世紀 Record of Emperors and Kings), Huangfu Mi 皇甫謐 designates three founders of Chinese medicine, Fuxi 伏 羲, Shennong 神農, and Huangdi 黃帝, as the “Three Progenitors 三皇.” By the Yuan dynasty, the imperial court advocated the establishment of temples of the Three Progenitors in every locality. The teaching of medicine was combined with this system of temples, forming a characteristic feature of Yuan dynasty medical education. Scholars have analyzed both the evolving identities of the Three Progenitors and the Yuan dynasty debate over physicians’ monopoly of Three Progenitors sacrifices. Nevertheless, two questions have yet to be thoroughly resolved: First, what was the intention behind the Yuan imperial court’s establishment of temples of the Three Progenitors? Second, what kind of medical knowledge was propagated at these temples? This article argues that there was a close relationship between the initial establishment of sacrifices to the Three Progenitors by the Yuan court and the pursuit of the legitimization of Yuan rule by Confucian scholars, who regarded the Three Progenitors as the beginning of dynastic legitimacy. The Jin dynasty physician Liu Wansu 劉完素 venerated Fuxi as the originator of the Theory of Qi Movement 運氣學說, and the Sanfen 三墳 texts, left behind by the Three Progenitors, as the original source of Chinese medical knowledge. This article explores how Yuan physicians continued the theories of Jin physicians and examines why Fuxi was venerated as one of the founders of Chinese medicine. This enables us to comprehend the interrelationships between the Yuan court’s adoption of the Shengji zonglu ( 聖 濟 總 錄 General Record of Sagely Вenefaction), its popularization of the Theory of Qi Movement, and the temples of the Three Progenitors.