「梁山七器」與周代巡狩之制

The “Seven Bronzes of Liangshan” and the Zhou Dynasty Imperial Inspection Tours

大保簋銘中的榆地，也就是商末田獵卜辭中的主要田獵地點「榆」，一度屬商王近臣小臣俞所有，但隨著周初彔子聖叛亂的平定，該地便成為召公奭的私屬領地，其大致地望當在今山東肥城句窳亭一帶。故「梁山七器」的真實出土地點大體也應在梁山以北的肥城附近。燕召家族在泰山腳下所領有的榆地，其性質如同鄭國的「泰山之祊」與衛國的「相土之東都」，均屬東方諸侯襄助周天子祭祀泰山的「湯沐之邑」。湯沐邑的設置，與周天子巡狩東土的制度有關，但天子巡察四土斷然不能像禮家所規劃的那樣嚴整，就目前材料可知，西周十二王中，真正巡視過東土的唯有成王、康王與穆王三位。

The place name Yu 榆 in the inscription on the Dabao gui (簋 bronze food vessel) actually refers to the hunting ground of Yu referred to in late Shang oracle inscriptions connected with hunting. This territory once belonged to Xiaochenyu 小臣俞, a courtier of King Zhou of the Shang dynasty, but following the suppression of Luzisheng’s rebellion in the early Zhou dynasty, was annexed into the private territory of Duke Shao 召公奭, roughly located in present day Gouyuting 句窳亭 in Feicheng County 肥城縣, Shandong Province. The “Seven Bronzes of Liangshan” were therefore really excavated at a location somewhere near Feicheng, north of Liangshan 梁山. The territory of Yu at the foot of Taishan 泰山 belonging to the Shao clan of the state of Yan was similar in nature to that of Bengtian 祊田 in the state of Zheng 鄭 and the “eastern capital of Xiangtu” of the state of Wei 衛, which were places for ritual purifiation used by the eastern states to assist the Zhou kings when they made sacrifies to Taishan 泰山. The establishment of such places was associated with the king’s inspection tours of the eastern territory. These tours of the whole kingdom were not, however, completely in accordance with the rites. As far as can be seen from extant records, kings Cheng 成, Kang 康 and Mu 穆 of the Western Zhou dynasty were the only kings who actually toured and inspected the eastern territory.