東帝汶客家人在澳洲：社群與網路

The Timorese Hakka in Australia: Community and the Internet

東帝汶客家人在澳洲是一種被迫的流離失所。長期接受葡萄牙殖民統治的東帝汶於 1975 年被印尼入侵和占領，有長達 25 年的時間，當地內戰不斷，造成數以萬計的人民死亡。其中不少華人（客家人居多）因印尼排華政策，紛紛以難民或移民的身分，投奔到鄰近的澳洲。因此本研究企圖檢驗東帝汶客家人在澳洲如何重建和想像自己成為一個共同體，我們發現東帝汶客家人受到過去歷史和文化，如葡萄牙殖民政策、臺灣中文教育、和印尼佔領等因素交錯影響，逐步形塑其特有的想像共同體。當然，澳洲活躍的社團組織也為離鄉背井的個人和家庭提供社交和娛樂的新環境。除了歷史和文化的多元背景塑造東帝汶客家人在澳洲的想像共同體外，我們也發現網際網路在覆蓋率相當高的澳洲，扮演促進東帝汶客家文化認同的重要角色。其中，第一代移居澳洲的東帝汶客家人危機感最強，紛紛透過自修或者子女，學習如何使用網路，企圖運用網路無遠弗屆的特性連結實體和虛擬社群，持續建構屬於他們自己的想像共同體。

The Timorese (also known as East Timorese) Hakka diaspora in Australia is a consequence of recent waves of migration sparked by civil war and subsequent Indonesian intervention and rule on the island from 1975 to 1999. This paper examines how the Timorese Hakka re-established and imagined themselves as a community in Australia, particularly in Melbourne. It is argued that the imagined community of the Timorese Hakka in Australia is shaped by a mix of historical and cultural factors. Portuguese colonial rule, the role of Taiwan’s assistance in providing Chinese education, Indonesian rule and recent migration to Australia are historical inflences on the imagined community. Cultural markers for the Timorese Hakka are the Hakka lan-guage and Mandarin, and mixed cultural forms inflenced by a long period of Portuguese colonial rule on East Timor. Finally, social associations set up by the community after arriving in Australia, and still functioning vibrantly, enable individuals and families to establish social bonds and relations in a new environment. Historical and cultural factors inflence the Timorese Hakka to imagine themselves as a distinct community in Australia. However there are also indications that the Timorese Hakka use the Internet to reinforce these feelings of a community sharing a common background. The Internet has a role in helping to shape the cultural identity of the Timorese Hakka in Australia. The fist generation Timorese Hakka elders, who are concerned with the loss of their cultural identity, have been adept in connecting their real and virtual communities through the Internet and relying on conventional physical interactions through the social associations.